Management In Strategic Information Systemâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Management In Strategic Information System? Answer: Introducation In significant setting of the data Technology and the Information science, Woolworths has chosen to relinquish 500 workers from corner to corner its help office and the gracefully chain organize. It will likewise write down the millions in the IT benefits as the new CEO Brad Banducci initiates a remade working portrayal (Woolworths.com.au 2017). Woolworths is confronting significant difficulties. The organization has been battling with the provider relations during its most current quarter. There were likewise issues with the introduction of the substitution of the benefits of the Company and the stock frameworks. The associations with the providers have additionally been stressed. Different difficulties that the organization is confronting is the moderate customer cycle. At that point there is the business battle, which is a significant test. The deleverage of the Australian grocery stores and the nature of the item has become an issue. The New Zealand stores are likewise confronting more noteworthy serious weight. Woolworths needed better consumer loyalty and to pick up advantage over rivalry. The Company had the vision to build the income and spare more by improving the profitability and the proficiency of the representatives. The finish of the ventures of the Company ought to likewise be inside the ideal financial plan. The aim is to put resources into the progressed examination. The buying intensity of the clients is to set the expansion sooner rather than later. There is a stubborn push by the Federal government and the ACCC to a lower rivalry boundary. Most recent contenders must be permitted to enter the market so as to build the decision of the buyer. The expansion of the shopper bartering force would prompt the ascent in cost of the examination sites. That will empower the buyer to empower the costs and pick the least expensive elective that is accessible (Abeywickrama and Zambonelli 2012). The upsides and downsides of these IT key choices is the region of the Company in the commercial center to the national and the global markets. The extending of the base of the clients and the providers will empower the association to sell more at a less expensive rate. The shoppers will profit by this and will have the option to shop from any area. The clients will likewise have the option to connect with the organization. The impediments are with respect to the security and the protection worries that dissuade the clients from purchasing. As long as possible, the degree of online misrepresentation is expanding. In both short and long haul situations, a portion of the clients might want to contact and feel the items. There is additionally the obstruction from the clients with respect to the difference in the shopping experience from the development store to the virtual store (Slack 2015). The primary job of the IT is for the gracefully affix the executives to deal with the whole flexibly bind so as to pick up the upper hand. It is imperative to keep up the trusted and decent association with the makers. The IT helps the organization with respect to the issue of the conveyance. IT is the key business driver. The execution of the new programming is still in process however he has seen a material improvement in the presentation. The choice of the new administration recorded as a hard copy down the a huge number of dollars in the It venture is a decent move. This will assist the business with expanding the necessary abilities in both the territory of information examination and the undeviating offering to revamp its flexibly chain. Woolworths is presently focussing on the online presentation of its solitary brands. The provider connections have likewise been stressed in the course of the most recent year due the upset multi year of the Company that will be fixed with the assistance of the new administration framework (Benlian and Haffke 2016). (8.1)The boss data official has certain obligations to satisfy. He must be the person who will take the choices with respect to the acquisition of the IT hardware from the providers or the making of the new frameworks. They need to coordinate the workforce of the association. (8.2)The retailer has the enhanced IT establishment program which expects to make up for lost time with the underinvestment in the IT foundation with a particular spotlight on oneself help checkouts and the retail location frameworks. (8.3)If the CEO dismisses the thought then thought and the target ought to be reframed and passed on to the CEO. The thoughts should meet the objectives. The reaction to a protest ought to be accessible and must be upheld with an explanation (Laudon et al. 2012). The data frameworks to be utilized are the Transaction Processing frameworks that are worked legitimately by the shop floor laborers and the information is gotten through the computerized or semi-mechanized following of the fundamental exchanges. At that point the Management Information frameworks can be utilized to guarantee the smooth running of the Organization in the short to medium term. The Decision Support System will bolster the not well organized choices and have an investigative limit. The official data framework will assist with foreseeing the future and bolster the unstructured choices (Stair and Reynolds 2013). There was misguided technique and there was selling of an inappropriate stuff. Some portion of Woolworths plan was to present a more slender working model and to supplant and execute various extensive frameworks. This was done to improve fundamental procedures. This is about the procedure of dependability. Woolworths has likewise presented the achievement factors HCM over the organization. The new ERP framework in the merchandizing stage is presently steady and has been executed. At the point when the stage went live for Big W mid-a year ago, the store couldn't process orders for providers, leaving void racks and millions in lost deals. The Stakeholders are the clients, workers, associations, providers, franchisees, investors and the financial specialists and the colleagues. The practical prerequisites for the IT frameworks are: for Transaction Processing framework the contributions for the exchange occasions, for preparing the approval and arranging and for the yields records and detail reports are required. The Management Information frameworks requires inward records and organized information and in the preparing field requires arranging blending and summing up. The Decision Support System requires displaying for preparing alongside reenactment, investigation and summing up (Ricciardi and De Marco 2012). References Abeywickrama, D.B. furthermore, Zambonelli, F., 2012, April. Model checking objective situated necessities for self-versatile frameworks. InEngineering of Computer Based Systems (ECBS), 2012 IEEE nineteenth International Conference and Workshops on(pp. 33-42). IEEE. Benlian, A. furthermore, Haffke, I., 2016. Does commonality make a difference? Inspecting the two-sided nature and impacts of CEOCIO shared understanding.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,25(2), pp.104-126. Galliers, R.D. furthermore, Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic data the board: difficulties and procedures in overseeing data frameworks. Routledge. Laudon, K.C., Laudon, J.P., Brabston, M.E., Chaney, M., Hawkins, L. what's more, Gaskin, S., 2012.Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, Seventh Canadian Edition (seventh. Pearson. Ricciardi, F. what's more, De Marco, M., 2012, February. The test of administration arranged exhibitions for boss data officials. InInternational Conference on Exploring Services Science(pp. 258-270). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Slack, N., 2015.Operations procedure. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Step, R. what's more, Reynolds, G., 2013.Principles of data frameworks. Cengage Learning. Woolworths.com.au (2017).Welcome to Woolworths. [online] Woolworths.com.au. Accessible at: https://www.woolworths.com.au/[Accessed 25 Aug. 2017].

Macbeth and ‘throne of blood’ Free Essays

‘Throne of Blood’ is a nearby adjustment of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth to the way of life and culture of medieval Japan; a 1957 film in highly contrasting difference that has been acclaimed as extraordinary compared to other plot transposition of the Macbeth. It delineates the misleading, and insatiability related with yearning enthusiasm to gain control and take part in overbearing acts. Almost certainly, there are similitudes between the two plays; be that as it may, one of the first content was utilized in ‘Throne of Blood’. We will compose a custom paper test on Macbeth and ‘throne of blood’ or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Rather, Washizu Taketori supplanted yet not as rough and savage as Macbeth; Lady Macbeth was supplanted with Washizu’s spouse, Asaji an ace rogue far less compassionate as Lady. Macduff was not spoken to in the plot. Be that as it may, the danger for the seat was ended when General Miki was executed; however the last returned as a phantom Not at all like the Macbeth where the ruler was executed in a battle as forecasted by the three witches, Washizu was shot by his own toxophilite, a foe award of double-crossing for an insatiable and deceptive pioneer. Washizu’s destiny was prophesized by a noxious apparition, and not witches. In fact, the film portrays away from scenes of connections set apart by underhanded at high places, broad utilization of images and spiritualist ability to convey the watchers from ‘the Island’ to the complexities of Japanese culture and practice. The subject of the story was not adjusted in any noteworthy manner; it plainly shows the destiny of voracity and furor for power. The characters utilized the uniqueness of the contemporary culture to transfer the message of Macbeth: eagerness for power never pays; be careful with companions, they can become double crossers. The power of language lost in this interpretation was anyway supplanted satisfactorily with clear symbolism and sound. The film is extraordinary; and an absolute necessity watch for admirers of Japanese culture, marshal expressions particularly Samurai styles. Step by step instructions to refer to Macbeth and ‘throne of blood’, Essay models

Overview of Qualitative And Quantitative Data Collection Methods

Overview of Qualitative And Quantitative Data Collection Methods Much of the workings of the world today are controlled and powered by information, giving credence to that famous quote, “information is power”. Professionals, researchers, organizations, businesses, industries and even governments cannot function without information serving as “fuel” for decision-making, strategizing, gaining and storing knowledge.But information is not something that is handed to anyone on a silver platter. It starts with a small raw fact or figure â€" or a set of raw facts and figures â€" that are not organized and, all too often, without meaning or context. These are called “data”. By itself, and in its raw form, data may seem useless.Data will cease to be useless once it undergoes processing, where it will be organized, structured and given context through interpretation and analysis. Processing gives it meaning, effectively turning it into information that will eventually be of great use to those who need it. Collectively, all information will make up bodies of knowledge that will, in turn, benefit various users of this knowledge.Without data, there won’t be any information. Therefore, no matter how data may seem random and useless, it is actually considered to be the most important and basic unit of any information structure or body of knowledge. © Shutterstock.com | SentavioTo that end, various approaches, tools and methodologies aimed at gathering or collecting data have been formulated.THE MEANING OF DATA COLLECTIONWhether it is business, marketing, humanities, physical sciences, social sciences, or other fields of study or discipline, data plays a very important role, serving as their respective starting points. That is why, in all of these processes that involve the usage of information and knowledge, one of the very first steps is data collection.Data collection is described as the “process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer queries, stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.”Depending on the discipline or field, the nature of the information being sought, and the objective or goal of users, the methods of data collection will vary. The approach to applying the methods may also vary, customized to s uit the purpose and prevailing circumstances, without compromising the integrity, accuracy and reliability of the data.There are two main types of data that users find themselves working with â€" and having to collect.Quantitative Data. These are data that deal with quantities, values or numbers, making them measurable. Thus, they are usually expressed in numerical form, such as length, size, amount, price, and even duration. The use of statistics to generate and subsequently analyze this type of data add credence or credibility to it, so that quantitative data is overall seen as more reliable and objective.Qualitative Data. These data, on the other hand, deals with quality, so that they are descriptive rather than numerical in nature. Unlike quantitative data, they are generally not measurable, and are only gained mostly through observation. Narratives often make use of adjectives and other descriptive words to refer to data on appearance, color, texture, and other qualities.In mos t cases, these two data types are used as preferences in choosing the method or tool to be used in data collection. As a matter of fact, data collection methods are classified into two, and they are based on these types of data. Thus, we can safely say that there are two major classifications or categories of data collection methods: the quantitative data collection methods and the qualitative data collection methods.IMPORTANCE OF DATA COLLECTIONFrom the definition of “data collection” alone, it is already apparent why gathering data is important: to come up with answers, which come in the form of useful information, converted from data.But for many, that still does not mean much.Depending on the perspective of the user and the purpose of the information, there are many concrete benefits that can be gained from data gathering. In general terms, here are some of the reasons why data collection is very important. The first question that we will address is: “why should you collec t data?”Data collection aids in the search for answers and resolutions.Learning and building knowledge is a natural inclination for human beings. Even at a very young age, we are in search for answers to a lot of things. Take a look at toddlers and small children, and they are the ones with so many questions, their curious spirit driving them to repeatedly ask whatever piques their interest.A toddler curious about a white flower in the backyard will start collecting data. He will approach the flower in question and look at it closely, taking in the color, the soft feel of the petals against his skin, and even the mild scent that emanates from it. He will then run to his mother and pull her along until they got to where the flower is. In baby speak, he will ask what the flower’s name is, and the mother will reply, “It’s a flower, and it is called rose.”It’s white. It’s soft. It smells good. And now the little boy even has a name for it. It’s called a rose. When his mo ther wasn’t looking, he reached for the rose by its stem and tried to pluck it. Suddenly, he felt a prickle in his fingers, followed by a sharp pain that made him yelp. When he looked down at his palm, he saw two puncture marks, and they are bleeding.The little boy starts to cry, thinking how roses, no matter how pretty and good-smelling, are dangerous and can hurt you. This information will now be embedded in his mind, sure to become one of the most enduring pieces of information or tidbit of knowledge that he will know about the flower called “rose”.The same goes in case of a marketing research, for example. A company wants to learn a few things about the market in order to come up with a marketing plan, or tweak an already existing marketing program. There’s no way that they will be able to do these things without collecting the relevant data. Data collection facilitates and improves decision-making processes, and the quality of the decisions made.Leaders cannot make deci sive strategies without facts to support them. Planners cannot draw up plans and designs without a basis. Entrepreneurs could not possibly come up with a business idea â€" much less a viable business plan â€" out of nothing at all. Similarly, businesses won’t be able to formulate marketing plans, and implement strategies to increase profitability and growth, if they have no data to start from.Without data, there won’t be anything to convert into useful information that will provide the basis for decisions. All that decision-makers are left with is their intuition and gut feeling, but even gut feeling and instinct have some basis on facts.Decision-making processes become smoother, and decisions are definitely better, if there is data driving them. According to a survey by Helical IT, the success rate of decisions based on data gathered is higher by 79% than those made using pure intuition alone.In business, one of the most important decisions that must be made is on resource allo cation and usage. If they collect the relevant data, they will be able to make informed decisions on how to use business resources efficiently.Data collection improves quality of expected results or output.Just as having data will improve decision-making and the quality of the decisions, it will also improve the quality of the results or output expected from any endeavor or activity. For example, a manufacturer will be able to produce high quality products after designing them using reliable data gathered. Consumers will also find the claims of the company about the product to be more reliable because they know it has been developed after conducting significant amount of research.Through collecting data, monitoring and tracking progress will also be facilitated. This gives a lot of room for flexibility, so response can be made accordingly and promptly. Adjustments can be made and improvements effected.Now we move to the next question, and that is on the manner of collecting data. Wh y is there a need to be particular about how data is collected? Why does it have to be systematic, and not just done on the fly, using whatever makes the data gatherer comfortable? Why do you have to pick certain methodologies of data collection when you can simply be random with it?Collecting data is expensive and resource-intensive. It will cost you money, time, and other resources. Thus, you have to make sure you make the most of it. You cannot afford to be random and haphazard about how you gather data when there are large amounts of investment at stake.Data collection methods will help ensure the accuracy and integrity of data collected. It’s common sense, really. Using the right data collection method â€" and using it properly â€" will allow only high quality data to be gathered. In this context, high quality data refers to data that is free from errors and bias arising from subjectivity, thereby increasing their reliability. High quality and reliable data will then be proce ssed, resulting to high quality information.METHODS OF DATA COLLECTIONWe’ll now take a look at the different methods or tools used to collect data, and some of their pros (+) and cons (-). You may notice some methods falling under both categories, which means that they can be used in gathering both types of data.I. Qualitative Data Collection MethodsExploratory in nature, these methods are mainly concerned at gaining insights and understanding on underlying reasons and motivations, so they tend to dig deeper. Since they cannot be quantified, measurability becomes an issue. This lack of measurability leads to the preference for methods or tools that are largely unstructured or, in some cases, maybe structured but only to a very small, limited extent.Generally, qualitative methods are time-consuming and expensive to conduct, and so researchers try to lower the costs incurred by decreasing the sample size or number of respondents.Face-to-Face Personal InterviewsThis is considered to be the most common data collection instrument for qualitative research, primarily because of its personal approach. The interviewer will collect data directly from the subject (the interviewee), on a one-on-one and face-to-face interaction. This is ideal for when data to be obtained must be highly personalized.The interview may be informal and unstructured â€" conversational, even â€" as if taking place between two casual to close friends. The questions asked are mostly unplanned and spontaneous, with the interviewer letting the flow of the interview dictate the next questions to be asked.However, if the interviewer still wants the data to be standardized to a certain extent for easier analysis, he could conduct a semi-structured interview where he asks the same series of open-ended questions to all the respondents. But if they let the subject choose her answer from a set of options, what just took place is a closed, structured and fixed-response interview.(+) This allows the interv iewer to probe further, by asking follow-up questions and getting more information in the process.(+) The data will be highly personalized (particularly when using the informal approach).(-) This method is subject to certain limitations, such as language barriers, cultural differences, and geographical distances.(-) The person conducting the interview must have very good interviewing skills in order to elicit responses.Qualitative SurveysPaper surveys or questionnaires. Questionnaires often utilize a structure comprised of short questions and, in the case of qualitative questionnaires, they are usually open-ended, with the respondents asked to provide detailed answers, in their own words. It’s almost like answering essay questions.(+) Since questionnaires are designed to collect standardized data, they are ideal for use in large populations or sample sizes of respondents.(+) The high amount of detail provided will aid analysis of data.(-) On the other hand, the large number of res pondents (and data), combined with the high level and amount of detail provided in the answers, will make data analysis quite tedious and time-consuming.Web-based questionnaires. This is basically a web-based or internet-based survey, involving a questionnaire uploaded to a site, where the respondents will log into and accomplish electronically. Instead of a paper and a pen, they will be using a computer screen and the mouse.(+) Data collection is definitely quicker. This is often due to the questions being shorter, requiring less detail than in, say, a personal interview or a paper questionnaire.(+) It is also uncomplicated, since the respondents can be invited to answer the questionnaire by simply sending them an email containing the URL of the site where the online questionnaire is available for answering.(-) There is a limitation on the respondents, since the only ones to be able to answer are those who own a computer, have internet connection, and know their way around answerin g online surverys.(-) The lesser amount of detail provided means the researcher may end up with mostly surface data, and no depth or meaning, especially when the data is processed. Focus GroupsFocus groups method is basically an interview method, but done in a group discussion setting. When the object of the data is behaviors and attitudes, particularly in social situations, and resources for one-on-one interviews are limited, using the focus group approach is highly recommended. Ideally, the focus group should have at least 3 people and a moderator to around 10 to 13 people maximum, plus a moderator.Depending on the data being sought, the members of the group should have something in common. For example, a researcher conducting a study on the recovery of married mothers from alcoholism will choose women who are (1) married, (2) have kids, and (3) recovering alcoholics. Other parameters such as the age, employment status, and income bracketdo not have to be similar across the member s of the focus group.The topic that data will be collected about will be presented to the group, and the moderator will open the floor for a debate.(+) There may be a small group of respondents, but the setup or framework of data being delivered and shared makes it possible to come up with a wide variety of answers.(+)  The data collector may also get highly detailed and descriptive data by using a focus group.(-) Much of the success of the discussion within the focus group lies in the hands of the moderator. He must be highly capable and experienced in controlling these types of interactions.Documental RevisionThis method involves the use of previously existing and reliable documents and other sources of information as a source of data to be used in a new research or investigation. This is likened to how the data collector will go to a library and go over the books and other references for information relevant to what he is currently researching on.(+) The researcher will gain bett er understanding of the field or subject being looked into, thanks to the reliable and high quality documents used as data sources.(+) Taking a look into other documents or researches as a source will provide a glimpse of the subject being looked into from different perspectives or points of view, allowing comparisons and contrasts to be made.(-) Unfortunately, this relies heavily on the quality of the document that will be used, and the ability of the data collector to choose the right and reliable documents. If he chooses wrong, then the quality of the data he will collect later on will be compromised.ObservationIn this method, the researcher takes a participatory stance, immersing himself in the setting where his respondents are, and generally taking a look at everything, while taking down notes.Aside from note-taking, other documentation methods may be used, such as video and audio recording, photography, and the use of tangible items such as artifacts, mementoes, and other tool s.(+) The participatory nature may lead to the researcher getting more reliable information.(+) Data is more reliable and representative of what is actually happening, since they took place and were observed under normal circumstances.(-) The participation may end up influencing the opinions and attitudes of the researcher, so he will end up having difficulty being objective and impartial as soon as the data he is looking for comes in.(-) Validity may arise due to the risk that the researcher’s participation may have an impact on the naturalness of the setting. The observed may become reactive to the idea of being watched and observed. If he planned to observe recovering alcoholic mothers in their natural environment (e.g. at their homes with their kids), their presence may cause the subjects to react differently, knowing that they are being observed. This may lead to the results becoming impaired.Longitudinal studiesThis is a research or data collection method that is performed r epeatedly, on the same data sources, over an extended period of time. It is an observational research method that could even cover a span of years and, in some cases, even decades. The goal is to find correlations through an empirical or observational study of subjects with a common trait or characteristic.An example of this is the Terman Study of the Gifted conducted by Lewis Terman at Stanford University. The study aimed to gather data on the characteristics of gifted children â€" and how they grow and develop â€" over their lifetime. Terman started in 1921, and it extended over the lifespan of the subjects, more than 1,500 boys and girls aged 3 to 19 years old, and with IQs higher than 135. To this day, this study is the world’s “oldest and longest-running” longitudinal study.(+) This is ideal when seeking data meant to establish a variable’s pattern over a period of time, particularly over an extended period of time.(+) As a method to find correlations, it is effective i n finding connections and relationships of cause and effect.(-) The long period may become a setback, considering how the probability of the subjects at the beginning of the research will still be complete 10, 20, or 30 years down the road is very low.(-) Over the extended period, attitudes and opinions of the subjects are likely to change, which can lead to the dilution of data, reducing their reliability in the process.Case StudiesIn this qualitative method, data is gathered by taking a close look and an in-depth analysis of a “case study” or “case studies” â€" the unit or units of research that may be an individual, a group of individuals, or an entire organization. This methodology’s versatility is demonstrated in how it can be used to analyze both simple and complex subjects.However, the strength of a case study as a data collection method is attributed to how it utilizes other data collection methods, and captures more variables than when a single methodology is used . In analyzing the case study, the researcher may employ other methods such as interviewing, floating questionnaires, or conducting group discussions in order to gather data.(+) It is flexible and versatile, analyzing both simple and complex units and occurrence, even over a long period of time.(+) Case studies provide in-depth and detailed information, thanks to how it captures as many variables as it can.(-) Reliability of the data may be put at risk when the case study or studies chosen are not representative of the sample or population.II. Quantitative Data Collection MethodsData can be readily quantified and generated into numerical form, which will then be converted and processed into useful information mathematically. The result is often in the form of statistics that is meaningful and, therefore, useful. Unlike qualitative methods, these quantitative techniques usually make use of larger sample sizes because its measurable nature makes that possible and easier.Quantitative S urveysUnlike the open-ended questions asked in qualitative questionnaires, quantitative paper surveys pose closed questions, with the answer options provided. The respondents will only have to choose their answer among the choices provided on the questionnaire.(+) Similarly, these are ideal for use when surveying large numbers of respondents.(+) The standardized nature of questionnaires enable researchers to make generalizations out of the results.(-) This can be very limiting to the respondents, since it is possible that his actual answer to the question may not be in the list of options provided on the questionnaire.(-) While data analysis is still possible, it will be restricted by the lack of details.InterviewsPersonal one-on-one interviews may also be used for gathering quantitative data. In collecting quantitative data, the interview is more structured than when gathering qualitative data, comprised of a prepared set of standard questions.These interviews can take the followin g forms:Face-to-face interviews: Much like when conducting interviews to gather qualitative data, this can also yield quantitative data when standard questions are asked.(+) The face-to-face setup allows the researcher to make clarifications on any answer given by the interviewee.(-) This can be quite a challenge when dealing with a large sample size or group of interviewees. If the plan is to interview everyone, it is bound to take a lot of time, not to mention a significant amount of money.Telephone and/or online, web-based interviews. Conducting interviews over the telephone is no longer a new concept. Rapidly rising to take the place of telephone interviews is the video interview via internet connection and web-based applications, such as Skype.(+) The net for data collection may be cast wider, since there is no need to travel through distances to get the data. All it takes is to pick up the phone and dial a number, or connect to the internet and log on to Skype for a video call or video conference.(-) Quality of the data may be questionable, especially in terms of impartiality. The net may be cast wide, but it will only be targeting a specific group of subjects: those with telephones and internet connections and are knowledgeable about using such technologies.Computer-assisted interviews. This is called CAPI, or Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing where, in a face-to-face interview, the data obtained from the interviewee will be entered directly into a database through the use of a computer.(+) The direct input of data saves a lot of time and other resources in converting them into information later on, because the processing will take place immediately after the data has been obtained from the source and entered into the database.(-) The use of computers, databases and related devices and technologies does not come cheap. It also requires a certain degree of being tech-savvy on the part of the data gatherer. Quantitative ObservationThis is straightfo rward enough. Data may be collected through systematic observation by, say, counting the number of users present and currently accessing services in a specific area, or the number of services being used within a designated vicinity.When quantitative data is being sought, the approach is naturalistic observation, which mostly involves using the senses and keen observation skills to get data about the “what”, and not really about the “why” and “how”.(+) It is a quite simple way of collecting data, and not as expensive as the other methods.(-) The problem is that senses are not infallible. Unwittingly, the observer may have an unconscious grasp on his senses, and how they perceive situations and people around. Bias on the part of the observer is very possible.ExperimentsHave you ever wondered where clinical trials fall? They are considered to be a form of experiment, and are quantitative in nature. These methods involve manipulation of an independent variable, while maintai ning varying degrees of control over other variables, most likely the dependent ones. Usually, this is employed to obtain data that will be used later on for analysis of relationships and correlations.Quantitative researches often make use of experiments to gather data, and the types of experiments are:Laboratory experiments. This is your typical scientific experiment setup, taking place within a confined, closed and controlled environment (the laboratory), with the data collector being able to have strict control over all the variables. This level of control also implies that he can fully and deliberately manipulate the independent variable.Field experiments. This takes place in a natural environment, “on field” where, although the data collector may not be in full control of the variables, he is still able to do so up to a certain extent. Manipulation is still possible, although not as deliberate as in a laboratory setting.Natural experiments. This time, the data collector has no control over the independent variable whatsoever, which means it cannot be manipulated. Therefore, what can only be done is to gather data by letting the independent variable occur naturally, and observe its effects.You can probably name several other data collection methods, but the ones discussed are the most commonly used approaches. At the end of the day, the choice of a collection method is only 50% of the whole process. The correct usage of these methods will also have a bearing on the quality and integrity of the data being sought.

Our Emotional Response to Music - 787 Words

All our emotions are affected by something, and the music is one part of these things. My main aim of this study is to show you the real meaning of music, the uses of music, the emotional responses of music, does music affect other things plus to our emotions? Also, to show you how can music control the hormone levels in the body? The exciting music in the films, you are the type of the music that you are listening to. Let’s read and know more about music. Did you ask yourself about the meaning of music? Music is made up from beauty, thoughts, and feelings (Juslin; Và ¤stfjà ¤ll2008). According to Beethoven, the real meaning of music is â€Å"From heart is came, to the heart may it go† (1979:8). Actually, I found the definition of music very romantic and beautiful. It has a lot of meanings like: tenderness, love and familiarity. I feel like there is a strong connection between the music and the heart. So, let us recognize music and know more aspects about it. When we listen to music, our emotions change in a quick way (Juslin; Và ¤stfjà ¤ll2008). For example, when someone is sad and he will listen to sad music, he will remember the bad memories during his life. It happened to me actually when I am disappointed from something or sad, I tend directly to listen to sad music. So, after that my emotions change quickly. This is the way that music can motivate our feelings. In addition, music makes us enjoy our time when we are listening to it, and feel comfortable (Juslin;Show MoreRelatedDoes Music Affect A Person?1363 Words   |  6 PagesDoes music affect a person? Have you ever walked into a room when there was music playing while you were in a bad mood or an emotional frame of mind, only to find yourself humming or singing along to the music that was playing? Music affects the way we feel, and it can alter the current state of our emotional well-being just by listening to it. Often, in everyday life, people overlook the importance that sounds make in our lives. With all of the issues and tasks that an individual tries to completeRead MoreMusic And Music Has On The Listener1393 Words   |  6 PagesMusic has even been described as a ‘language of the emotions’ by some authors (Cooke 1962). To begin, this piece will address our day-to-day experience of listening to music, and the effects music has on the listener, ultimately enabling an immediate emotional response from that specific musical happening. Both the non-structural and structural musical components like melody, rhythm, harmony, tempo, and major and minor modality will be noted in this analyzation of musical emotion and what particularRead MoreDoes Music Affect A Person?1620 Words   |  7 PagesDoes music affect a person? Have you ever walked into a room when there was music playing while you were in a bad mood or an emotional frame of mind, only to find yourself humming or singing along to the music that was playing? Music affects the way we feel, and it can alter the current state of our emotional well-being just by listening to it. Often, in everyday life, people overlook the importance that sounds make in our lives. With all of the issues and tasks that an individual tries to completeRead MoreMusic And Perceptions And Emotional Responses1488 Words   |  6 Pagesmusical training in schools. Although some people claim that music education in schools is a waste of time and resources, research has found that musical training can improve various cognitive processes and skills, such as the development of language, reasoning, pattern recognition, and memory. These skills can translate into other school subjects as well. This paper explores the relationship between music and perceptions and emotional responses, and also examines the cognitive benefits of musical trainingRead MoreMusic Of Film And Film1120 Words   |  5 PagesAddition of Music in to Film When is the last time that we as an audience watched a film without sound? What if the silent film was to make a resurgence, how would we, as a nation, respond? How important has music within film become? Why does music affect us the way that it does? From the beginning of film to today’s digital formatting, music had been a stable part of entertainment and used to suggest certain emotional responses on the audience and we haven’t questioned it. Music is an importantRead MoreMusic as an Aesthetic Experience1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe introduction of Donald J. Funes book Musical Involvement addresses the topic of music as an aesthetic experience. The preface to the introduction is the realization that truly listening to music requires an active response, and this type of listening is not innate. All throughout the day we are bombarded with music and every day sounds, most of which remain in our periphery. It can be difficult to focus on a single event such as a conc ert, lecture or any other situation that requires a quiteRead MoreMusic Is The Product Of Our Evolution1331 Words   |  6 PagesI studied the hypothesis that music is the product of our evolution and that most mammals and cultures have used music to continue to evolve and reform. Most scientific articles agree that music has evolved throughout thousands of years. Even the first Homo sapiens used music as a mode of communication. But in a biological standpoint, music can be used as a way to express mate selection, as a way of motivation and pleasure, development and learning, and social communication. The big questionRead MoreMy Life With Maximal Wellbeing1449 Words   |  6 PagesWho we are, and our ability to define ourselves within the parameters of our present lives, depends on a multitude of factors that cumulate over the lifespan. Our ability to live a fulfilling life with maximal wellbeing is dependent largely on tools available for optimal mood regulation, at all stages of the lifespan. As an individual who has experienced severe emotional impairment to an extent where health and wellness has been compromised for extended periods of my life, I have found it my preoccupationRead MoreHow Music Affects The Human Mind And Body Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesMusic is a form of art in which sound is used a tool for expression. Whether it be listening to â€Å"metal† to release pent up anger or listen to jazz to feed your calm and groovy soul, music’s ability to allow expression is powerful. But, one might ask, â€Å"Why do we have reactions to music and why do certain genres have different effects?† The music we enjoy is the product of the combination of the innate characteristics that reside in all humans and the environmental influence one experiences with ageRead MoreMusic Therapy And How Music Is A Positive Non Pharmacological Way Of Coping With Mental Illness Essay1438 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Mental health includes our psychological, social, and emotional well-being. It affects how we act, feel, and cope with life. Mental health affects about 26.2% of Americans ages 18 and older or about one in four adults (â€Å"The Kim Foundation, 2016†), and approximately 10% of children aged 5-16 years have a recognizable mental disorder (McDougall T, 2011). Music and emotions go hand in hand. When you think of your favorite song, it usually puts a smile on your face. Music is a powerful influence because

Così Fan Tutte Essay - 1527 Words

Cosà ¬ Fan Tutte, ossia La scuola degli amanti, or more familiarly known as Cosà ¬ Fan Tutte, is one of Mozart’s last operas, translated as â€Å"Women are all alike, or The School of Lovers.† Being named as such, the principal theme of this opera is the fickleness and infidelity of women. The libretto of this piece was written by Lorenzo da Ponte, who was also the librettist for Don Giovanni and La nozze de Figaro, two other renowned operas of Mozart’s.1 This opera was first performed in Vienna at the Burgtheater, on January 26th, 1790.2 Though the exact origin of the story Ponte based his libretto on is unclear, many people at the time believed that the story was based on a scandal in Emperor Joseph II’s court, where two Viennese officers were†¦show more content†¦Don Alfonso, a wise philosopher, warns two young military officers, Guglielmo and Ferrando, that all women are infidel, and they cannot trust even their own fiancà ©s, Fiordiligi an d Dorabella (who are sisters). The officers laugh at Don Alfonso, retorting that their fiancà ©s loyalty is unwavering and eternal. Don Alfonso then asks the men if they would like to make a wager on their fiancà ©s fidelity to them. Guglielmo and Ferrando quickly accept the bet, believing it to be highly in their favor. The girls’ maid, Despina, joins in on the charade to earn some quick money. Guglielmo and Ferrando pretend they are leaving for the war, and bid a tearful farewell with their fiancà ©s. They dress up as Albanians and attempt to sway the other’s fiancà ©. Ferrando is devastated to see his fiancà ©, Dorabella, surrender to Guglielmo’s advances so quickly. Fiordiligi, initially very loyal to Guglielmo, also falls for Ferrando’s advances by the end. Both new couples become engaged, though the men are hurt and bitter, finally seeing the truth to Don Alfonso’s words as the three sing in unison—â€Å"Cosi fan tutte†Ã¢â‚¬â€all women are the same. In the end, Guglielmo and Ferrando reveal their true identities, and Fiordiligi and Dorabella are ashamed and confused. However, they properly marry their original fiancà ©s happily, and what happens afterwards is left for viewers to imagine.4 Voice Character Voice Fiordiligi, sister of Dorabella Soprano Dorabella, sister ofShow MoreRelatedCosi Fan Tutte Essay728 Words   |  3 Pages..Year 12 English Essay.. Nowras play is set in a burnt out theatre. Discuss the importance of setting and imagery in conveying Nowras ideas in Cosi. The burnt out theatre in Nowras play Cosi represents the life inside an asylum, a life that the characters know all too well. Life inside an asylum is portrayed as a dark, cold and isolated place, where the outside world is not often talked about and for others almost doesnt exist. Most of the characters cannot handle reality but for NowraRead MoreThe s Cosi Fan Tutte996 Words   |  4 PagesIn a burnt out theatre in Australia, a young director and group Melbourne mental institution patients come together in an effort to produce Mozart’s Cosà ¬ fan Tutte. Despite many obstacles to overcome, such as a pyromaniac originally supposed to be in the play and the negative opinions of the director’s commanding girlfriend and political extremist mate, they still get the show done. This play was very engaging and really connected to today’s society. Though it may have started slow, once things gotRead MoreEach Patient in Cosi Has Their Own Way of Escaping Reality. Discus s.1449 Words   |  6 PagesCosi, by Louis Nowra, is a play which comprises of many distinct characters, each with their own unique backgrounds and outlooks on life. Throughout Cosi, the different ways in which the patients escape the depressing reality of the asylum and their conditions become evident. Roy creates a false memory of a fantastic childhood and obsesses over Cosi Fan Tutte and â€Å"the music of the spheres† so as to suppress the tragic knowledge of his experiences as a child and his life in the asylum. In aRead MoreAttitudes Towards Mental Illness in the Play Cosi by Louis Nowra797 Words   |  4 PagesThe play â€Å"Cosi† by Louis Nowra is the story of a university student who is set the task of producing a play in a mental institute. The play uses many dramatic techniques including, but not limited to; the setting of the play, humour, and tension as well as role, to help draw the audience into the world of the play, the world of these ‘ment al patients.’ The play also helps to bring forward people’s feelings and attitudes towards the mentally ill and people’s attitudes towards love and cheating, toRead MoreCosi by Louis Nowra - Text Analysis Essay1992 Words   |  8 PagesHow does Nowra use the opera Cosi fan Tutte to explore the play’s main ideas? Set in a typical mental asylum in the 1970’s during the anti-Vietnam War protests and the feminist movement for womens equal rights, the play Cosi by Louis Nowra deeply explores the themes of love and fidelity, in a society predominantly concerned with war and politics. Throughout the play, Nowra uses the play within a play, Cosi Fan Tutte, to convey his key values regarding the importance of love and fidelity inRead MoreMozart Was Born Into A Society Where Nobility Ruled, And1240 Words   |  5 Pagesdignitary’s hand. As a result, Mozart quickly found favor in Vienna and across Europe, which led to many successful Opera Buffas. Many see Mozart as the turning point in opera with his most famous Opera Buffas, Le Nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Cosi fan tutte. â€Å"Comedy gave him full scope, and in Figaro he had the advantage of a libretto which was already a famous product of consummate stagecraft before it ever became and opera†¦while Beaumarchais’s M ariage de Figaro has its place in literature, Mozart’sRead MoreCosi Madness5345 Words   |  22 Pagesdon’t even know there is a war going on. Lewis is transformed by his experience. How it works is that you stick people on this island, and watch how they change. They are forced to face their demons because they can’t get off the island. Cosi character quotes Memorise quotes for your essay questions. Here are some to get you started. LEWIS â€Å"I need the money, Lucy† (p 1) â€Å"Do you think we should be doing something like this? ... In these days, you know, the Vietnam war?† (p 9) â€Å"IRead MoreThe Play Of Cosi By Louis Nowra1689 Words   |  7 PagesAccomplished Australian playwright Louis Nowra composed the play of Cosi which set in a mental hospital in Melbourne 1971 and later adapted into a film during 1996. There is a backdrop of social unrest to the play, being set in the time of the Vietnam Conflict which had been going on for 10 years prior to the creation of the novel. The attitudes and connotations towards the mentally ill in those times were of negative association, which is being proven through the setting of the play, which is inRead Moredrovers wife2017 Words   |  9 Pagesa†©work†©about†©love†©and†© infidelity.†©They’re†©definitely†©mad. Nick:†©Christ,†©you’ll†©never†©be†©a†©director†©until†©you†©can†©Fidilety,†©Commitment†©and†©Love: The†©opera†©Cosi†©Fan†©Tutte†©which†©Lewis†©and†©the†©mental†©patients†©are†©performing†©is†© a†©play†©about†©love†©and†©fidelity.†©The†©concerns†©of†©the†©opera†©are†©also†©very†©real†© concerns†©of†©the†©characters†©in†©Cosi.†©By†©performing†©the†©opera†©they†©can†©explore†© their†©views†©and†©values†©about†©fidelity†©and†©love.†©Lewis†©thinks†©at†©the†©start†©of†©the†© play,†©in†©agreement†©with†©Lucy,†©that†©Ã¢â‚¬Å"love†©is†©not†©so†©important†©nowadaysRead MoreMozart And Beethoven s Musical Origins1651 Words   |  7 Pagesin Vienna with Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail (1782). He was a famous composer of Italian comic opera, with works including Le nozze di Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and Cosi fan tutte (1790). Mozart’s operas were so successful due to his extensive understanding of human behavior and personality. Figaro and Cosi fan tutte follow opera buffa conventions, however, the libretto in each opera provides the depth of characters and the moral components needed to support its classification of comic opera

The Last Supper Free Essays

This painting consists of Squares, Rectangles and lot of implied lines. With everyone looking and/or pointing at Jesus it gives an implied line that the eye follows through the painting and keeps the focus on him. The color of the clothing gives the feel of harmony and unity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Supper or any similar topic only for you Order Now With Jesus being slightly larger than the rest it keeps him as the focal point, His position with his hands out and the accepting look on his face compared to the others which are standing and have outraged looks, Jesus’ look of acceptance could be interpreted as a sign that he understands what is to come and knows that one day his body must be divided, the broken bread, and that his blood must flow, the red wine. The light above Jesus looks like a halo which gives him the look of righteousness or holiness, almost untouchable. Everyone is gathered at the table in preparation for Jesus’ last supper here on earth before moving on. Jesus makes the statement that someone will betray him so everyone is outraged since he didn’t say who it was. Therefore there is a deep sense of betrayal and sadness, betrayal of Jesus by Judas, in the picture Judas is hidden in the shadows and seems to be clutching a small bag, and sadness because Peter will deny him 3 times. There is also the sense of good and evil in the fact that the left side of the painting is dark and the right side is brighter. The dark left and the bright right is a symbol of those one right are favored and on the left are those that have lost favor in his sight.Mary (there are many question as to if this is John or Mary but many seem to think it is Mary because the figure looks very feminine) being on the left side of him, when women never ate with men, is a sign of disrespect and the seeing as how peter has his hand around her neck reinforces that. Even peter being on the left side show that it is the side that has lost favor with Jesus, Peter has a knife behind is back a sign of betrayal or backstabbing. Jesus has a very stable triangular form while the rest flow almost in a chaotic way. There are a lot of icons in this painting; everything that Leonardo drew had a meaning behind it from the leaven bread to the halo above Jesus. In the bible they had unleavened bread, and there was no fish just wine and bread. The fish could symbol all the miracles that he preformed during his life. Jesus and his disciples are seating in chairs instead of reclining like what they have done during the Passover. Jesus was crucified on what we would call Friday. So this meal was a day to early for it to be the Passover and the Passover is in the evening and judging by the background scene it is early day time.The item at the bottom turns out to be a door that someone decided that that was the only place for it to be put. The lighting at the bottom was put there to make the room itself seem bigger, Leonardo did this on purpose. Everything he did was on purpose. There are many interpretations to some of the icons in this painting but all of them come back to a religious meaning.Work Cited: Dax, Jay, â€Å"The Last Supper- A study of the painting by Leonardo De Vinci†,://www. jaydax. co. uk/lastsupper/lastsupper. htm. 2006. 20 sept. 2010 How to cite The Last Supper, Papers The Last Supper Free Essays I know you missed class last week, but I would love to explain one of the important pieces of art we went over, The Last Supper, painted from 1495 to 1498. That day, we went over the history that led up to period of Modern Art. As Leonardo da Vinci painted this huge piece of art, 15 by 29 feet, he had purpose and meaning into every detail, which I will explain to you. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Supper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The subject around Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper is based on the last meal Christ had with his twelve disciples before one of them betrays Jesus. Judas is the one that betrays Christ that leads to His death on the cross and Resurrection. This meal is also known as the Passover meal where Jesus broke the bread and drank the wine as remembrance of his body and blood that He sacrificed for all mankind. In the Bible (Matthew 26), Jesus says that the one who will betray Him is, â€Å"He that dippeth his hand with me in the dish, the same shall betray me. † In the painting it displays Judas’ left hand and Jesus’ right hand reaching for the food. The Last Supper clearly displays classicism within its details. The biggest thing that Leonardo da Vinci displays in this art piece is Neo-Platonism. This idea or truth has God in the center of all things. It can be displayed as a triangle, which stands for the Trinity, and gives a sense of stability. In The Last Supper, we can see that Leonardo has Jesus in the center of everything, which you will see in the later descriptions. First sign of neoclassicism is the triangles that make up Jesus and next Him. The head of Christ makes the top of the triangle his hands make the bottom two corners. This is so important, since the triangle is upright. When a triangle is upright, it gives the meaning of stability. Therefore, where Christ is the center, there is stability. However, there is an upside down triangle next to Jesus. This is the sign of instability. I believe this is on that side of Jesus, because Judas is also on that side. We can tell that Judas is on this side, because one, both him and Jesus are both reaching for the food, and that is described in the Bible. Also in the Bible (Matthew 26:15) it says that Judas was given thirty pieces of silver to betray the Christ, and in Judas’ right hand it looks like he is holding a sack of coins. Lastly, Leonardo da Vinci painted Judas’ face different than all the others. His face is kind of blurred and is shaped oddly, which is unlike all the others. There are a lot of evidences of classicism in this painting. In this picture, Jesus is the focal point. One sign of classicism is in the lines and symmetry. All of the lines in the ceiling and walls all lead to the head of Jesus. The three windows in the background are symbolizing the Trinity, and the biggest one is framing Christ. This also makes Jesus stand out even more. Also everyone is either pointing to Jesus or are looking at Him. The bread and meal plates are all evenly spaced, which is the sign of classicism. Another sign of classicism in this painting, the colors are very complimentary. Jesus is especially bright in His red and blue. Leonardo did this on purpose, because he wanted to make Jesus stand out the most. This is why he chose red, the color that stands out the most in paintings. The last sign of classicism is the balance. On each side of Jesus, there are two sets of three disciples. The three disciples is a sign of the Trinity and the four groups is also a symbol of Plato’s four virtues. In conclusion, The Last Supper is a huge symbol of classicism and Neo-Platonism. Leonardo da Vinci had many meanings behind each and every detail, from the placement of the bread, to lines on the ceiling. I hope this helps you out a lot. There is a lot of information in just this little paper. How to cite The Last Supper, Papers The last supper Free Essays The Dad Vinci code Picture says a lot of words Symbols in a picture. Spain: ASK robes. Are priest robes. We will write a custom essay sample on The last supper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Poseidon symbol of power Devils pitch fork Christianity, Mary. Pagan god hours century before Christianity understanding past to understand present write your own history, define original truth. People fear what they don’t understand Follow Doctrine. Dad Vinci code trivial man star- finical religious icon, symbol for Venus female half. Goddess symbol. Knows the meaning of the symbol has nothing to do with the devil Confession. Monomials right was female the left was male French kind conquered Jerusalem orchestrated. Military arms knights invasion was to find an artifact lost at the time of Christianity Stop searching, quit the holy land. Cot 13, 1307 Friday. Holy grail. â€Å"look up† Jesus had one true message. Arose- symbol of holy grail. Holy grail, god power on earth. Critics, used to keep secrets. You write the info on a papyrus finger, force it open, secrete erases forever. 12 million possibilities. Churches power on earth, holy grail bible. Constantine was a Christian was baptized on his death bed balance natures, goddess. Turmoil, young Jew named Jesus preaching love centuries after his certification agene create war in the Christianity Constantine pagan, unify Rome religion, Christianity, rise empire tore it apart. Council debated and voted, acceptance gospels date of Easter. Jesus was viewed by many of followers, man immortal man, who is god, who is man? People kill over the question last supper, dad Vinci. Jesus is in the middle. Breaking bread. Wine. How many wine glasses are on the table, a single cup. Both the bible, celebrate the holy grail. Represents aggression, V shape of a woman’s womb ancient symbol of woman hood. Holy grail is a woman is in the last supper. The mind chooses what it wants to see. Smeared by the church. Mary macadamia – prostitute. Jesus wife. Jesus and Mary, clothes the same joined at the hip, the grail change position, next to Jesus leaning on him holy grail gospel, Phillip rejected, appear human and not unimportant Mary magnolia companion, spouse. Gospel Mary manacling: the savior made her worthy , Jesus to tell Mary, up to her to continue her church, not Peter. Church by woman descended by kings, Just like holy grail, French general. Royal blood, blood of Christ, Mary was pregnant at the time of the prosecution for her own safety, left the holy land and gave birth to the daughter Sara wrist had a blood line pagans, Joining of man and female, route to heaven, monopoly woman are a huge threat to the church. Witches hammer, torture all woman. 50,000 woman burn alive. Millions. Female child. Worth killing for. Witness the cover up in human history history protectors of the lining descendants of Jesus Christ and Mary magnolia keystone?map, lead us to holy grail guardian of the grail I am the messenger of god. Haunted by angels. God doesn’t forgive murderer, he burns them knights swore to defend her kneel before her bones holy grail was lost In time Ephesians. Pope Rosella Chapel How to cite The last supper, Papers The Last Supper Free Essays The Last Supper Dear Sarah, I know you missed class last week, but I would love to explain one of the important pieces of art we went over, The Last Supper, painted from 1495 to 1498. That day, we went over the history that led up to period of Modern Art. As Leonardo dad Vinci painted this huge piece of art, 15 by 29 feet, he had purpose and meaning into every detail, which I will explain to you. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Supper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The subject around Leonardo dad Vine’s The Last Supper is based on the last meal Christ had with his twelve disciples before one of them betrays Jesus. Judas is the one that betrays Christ that leads to His death on the cross and Resurrection. This meal is also known as the Passover meal where Jesus broke the bread and drank the wine as remembrance of his body and blood that He sacrificed for all mankind. In the Bible (Matthew 26), Jesus says that the one who will betray Him is, â€Å"He that tippets his hand with me in the dish, the same shall betray me. † In the painting it displays Judas’ left hand and Jesus’ right hand reaching for the food. The Last Supper clearly displays classicism within its details. The biggest thing hat Leonardo dad Vinci displays in this art piece is Neo-Platonism. This idea or truth has God in the center of all things. It can be displayed as a triangle, which stands for the Trinity, and gives a sense of stability. In The Last Supper, we can see that Leonardo has Jesus in the center of everything, which you will see in the later descriptions. First sign of neoclassicism is the triangles that make up Jesus and next Him. The head of Christ makes the top of the triangle his hands make the bottom two corners. This is so important, since the triangle is upright. When a triangle is upright, it gives the meaning of stability. Therefore, where Christ is the center, there is stability. However, there is an upside down triangle next to Jesus. This is the sign of instability. I believe this is on that side of Jesus, because Judas is also on that side. We can tell that Judas is on this side, because one, both him and Jesus are both reaching for the food, and that is described in the Bible. Also in the Bible (Matthew 26:1 5) it says that Judas was given thirty pieces of silver to betray the Christ, and in Judas’ right hand it kooks like he is holding a sack of coins. Lastly, Leonardo dad Vinci painted Judas’ face different than all the others. His face is kind of blurred and is shaped oddly, which is unlike all the others. There are a lot of evidences of classicism in this painting. In this picture, Jesus is the focal point. One sign of classicism is in the lines and symmetry. All of the lines in the ceiling and walls all lead to the head of Jesus. The three windows in the background are symbolizing the Trinity, and the biggest one is framing Christ. This also makes Jesus stand out even more. Also everyone is either pointing to Jesus or are looking at Him. The bread and meal plates are all evenly spaced, which is the sign of classicism. Another sign of classicism in this painting, the colors are very complimentary. Jesus is especially bright in His red and blue. Leonardo did this on purpose, because he wanted to make Jesus stand out the most. This is why he chose red, the color that stands out the most in paintings. The last sign of classicism is the balance. On each side of Jesus, there are two sets of three disciples. The three disciples is a sign of the Trinity and the four groups is also a symbol of Plat’s four virtues. In conclusion, The Last Supper is a huge symbol of classicism and Neo-Platonism. Leonardo dad Vinci had many meanings behind each and every detail, from the placement of the bread, to lines on the ceiling. I hope this helps you out a lot. There is a lot of information in Just this little paper. See you next week, â€Å"Leonardo Last Supper. † Smart History. Khan Academy, n. D. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. Http://consistory. Schenectady. Org/Leonardo-last-supper. HTML How to cite The Last Supper, Papers

The Enlightenment Period of American Literature Unit Test English Honors III Flashcard

The Enlightenment Period of American Literature Unit Test: English Honors III

An Introduction to Visual Anthropology

An Introduction to Visual Anthropology Visual anthropology is an academic subfield of anthropology that has two distinct but intersecting aims. The first involves the addition of images including video and film to ethnographic studies, to enhance the communication of anthropological observations and insights through the use of photography, film, and video. The second one is more or less the anthropology of art,  understanding visual images, including: How far do humans as a species rely on what is seen, and how do they integrate that into their lives?How significant is the visual aspect of life in any particular society or civilization? andHow does a visual image represent (bring into existence, make visible, exhibit or reproduce an action or person, and/or stand as an example for) something Visual anthropology methods include photo elicitation, the use of images to stimulate culturally relevant reflections from informants. The end results are narratives (film, video, photo essays) which communicate typical events of a cultural scene. History Visual Anthropology only became possible with the availability of cameras in the 1860s- arguably the first visual anthropologists were not anthropologists at all but rather photojournalists like the Civil War photographer Matthew Brady;  Jacob Riis, who photographed 19th-century slums of New York;  and  Dorthea Lange, who documented the Great Depression in stunning photographs. In the mid-nineteenth century, academic anthropologists began collecting and making photographs of the people they studied. So-called collecting clubs included the British anthropologists Edward Burnett Tylor, Alfred Cort Haddon, and Henry Balfour, who exchanged and shared photographs as part of an attempt to document and classify ethnographic races. The Victorians concentrated on British colonies such as India, the French focused on Algeria, and the U.S. anthropologists concentrated on Native American communities. Modern scholars now recognize that imperialist scholars classifying the people of subject colonies as others is an important and downright ugly aspect of this early anthropological history. Some scholars have commented that visual representation of cultural activity is, of course, very ancient indeed, including cave art representations of hunting rituals beginning 30,000 years ago or more. Photography and Innovation The development of photography as a part of the scientific ethnographic analysis is usually attributed to Gregory Bateson and Margaret Meads 1942 examination of Balinese culture called Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis. Bateson and Mead took more than 25,000 photos while conducting research in Bali, and published 759 photographs to support and develop their ethnographic observations. In particular, the photos- arranged in a sequential pattern like stop-motion movie clips- illustrated how the Balinese research subjects performed social rituals or engaged in routine behavior. Film as ethnography is an innovation generally attributed to Robert Flaherty, whose 1922 film Nanook of the North is a silent recording of activities of an Inuit band in the Canadian Arctic. Purpose In the beginning, scholars felt that using imagery was a way to make an objective, accurate, and complete study of social science that had been typically fueled by an extensively detailed description. But there is no doubt about it,  the photo collections were directed and often served a purpose. For example, the photos used by anti-slavery and aborigine protection societies were selected or made to make the natives more human and needier, through poses, framings, and settings. American photographer Edward Curtis made skillful use of aesthetic conventions, framing Native Americans as sad, unresisting victims of an inevitable and indeed divinely ordained manifest destiny. Anthropologists such as Adolphe Bertillon and Arthur Cervin sought to objectify the images by specifying uniform focal lengths, poses, and backdrops to remove the distracting noise of context, culture, and faces. Some photos went so far as to isolate body parts from the individual (like tattoos). Others such as Thomas Huxley planned to produce an orthographic inventory of the races in the British Empire, and that, coupled with a corresponding urgency to collect the last vestiges of disappearing cultures drove much of the 19th and early 20th century efforts. Ethical Considerations All of this came crashing to the forefront in the 1960s and 1970s when the clash between ethical requirements of anthropology and the technical aspects of using photography became untenable. In particular, the use of imagery in academic publication has impacts on the ethical requirements of anonymity, informed consent, and telling the visual truth. Privacy: Ethical anthropology requires that scholar protect the privacy of the subjects that are interviewed: taking their picture makes that nearly impossibleInformed consent: Anthropologists need to explain to their informants that their images may appear in the research and what the implications of those images might mean- and get that consent in writing- before the research beginsTelling the truth: Visual scholars must understand that it is unethical to alter images to change their meaning or present an image that connotes a reality not consistent with the understood reality. University Programs and Job Outlook Visual anthropology is a subset of the larger field of anthropology. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the numbers of jobs projected to grow between 2014 and 2024 is about 4 percent, slower than the average, and competition for those jobs is likely to be fierce given the small number of positions relative to applicants. A handful of university programs specializing in the use of visual and sensory media in anthropology, including: The University of Southern California MA at the Center for Visual AnthropologyHarvard Universitys Ph.D. program at Sensory Ethnography LabThe University of Londons MA and Ph.D. in Visual AnthropologyThe University of Manchesters MA at the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology Finally, the Society for Visual Anthropology, part of the American Anthropological Association, has a research conference and film and media festival and publishes the journal Visual Anthropology Review. A second academic journal, titled Visual Anthropology, is published by Taylor Francis. Sources: Cant A. 2015. One Image, Two Stories: Ethnographic and Touristic Photography and the Practice of Craft in Mexico. Visual Anthropology 28(4):277-285.Harper D. 2001. Visual Methods in the Social Sciences. In: Baltes PB, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon. p 16266-16269.Loizos P. 2001. Visual Anthropology. In: Baltes PB, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon. p 16246-16250.Ortega-Alczar I. 2012. Visual Research Methods, International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home. San Diego: Elsevier. p 249-254.Pink S. 2014. Digital–visual–sensory-design anthropology: Ethnography, imagination Arts and Humanities in Higher Education 13(4):412-427.and intervention.Poole D. 2005. An excess of description: Ethnography, race, and visual technologies. Annual Review of Anthropology 34(1):159-179.

An Introduction to Visual Anthropology

An Introduction to Visual Anthropology Visual anthropology is an academic subfield of anthropology that has two distinct but intersecting aims. The first involves the addition of images including video and film to ethnographic studies, to enhance the communication of anthropological observations and insights through the use of photography, film, and video. The second one is more or less the anthropology of art,  understanding visual images, including: How far do humans as a species rely on what is seen, and how do they integrate that into their lives?How significant is the visual aspect of life in any particular society or civilization? andHow does a visual image represent (bring into existence, make visible, exhibit or reproduce an action or person, and/or stand as an example for) something Visual anthropology methods include photo elicitation, the use of images to stimulate culturally relevant reflections from informants. The end results are narratives (film, video, photo essays) which communicate typical events of a cultural scene. History Visual Anthropology only became possible with the availability of cameras in the 1860s- arguably the first visual anthropologists were not anthropologists at all but rather photojournalists like the Civil War photographer Matthew Brady;  Jacob Riis, who photographed 19th-century slums of New York;  and  Dorthea Lange, who documented the Great Depression in stunning photographs. In the mid-nineteenth century, academic anthropologists began collecting and making photographs of the people they studied. So-called collecting clubs included the British anthropologists Edward Burnett Tylor, Alfred Cort Haddon, and Henry Balfour, who exchanged and shared photographs as part of an attempt to document and classify ethnographic races. The Victorians concentrated on British colonies such as India, the French focused on Algeria, and the U.S. anthropologists concentrated on Native American communities. Modern scholars now recognize that imperialist scholars classifying the people of subject colonies as others is an important and downright ugly aspect of this early anthropological history. Some scholars have commented that visual representation of cultural activity is, of course, very ancient indeed, including cave art representations of hunting rituals beginning 30,000 years ago or more. Photography and Innovation The development of photography as a part of the scientific ethnographic analysis is usually attributed to Gregory Bateson and Margaret Meads 1942 examination of Balinese culture called Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis. Bateson and Mead took more than 25,000 photos while conducting research in Bali, and published 759 photographs to support and develop their ethnographic observations. In particular, the photos- arranged in a sequential pattern like stop-motion movie clips- illustrated how the Balinese research subjects performed social rituals or engaged in routine behavior. Film as ethnography is an innovation generally attributed to Robert Flaherty, whose 1922 film Nanook of the North is a silent recording of activities of an Inuit band in the Canadian Arctic. Purpose In the beginning, scholars felt that using imagery was a way to make an objective, accurate, and complete study of social science that had been typically fueled by an extensively detailed description. But there is no doubt about it,  the photo collections were directed and often served a purpose. For example, the photos used by anti-slavery and aborigine protection societies were selected or made to make the natives more human and needier, through poses, framings, and settings. American photographer Edward Curtis made skillful use of aesthetic conventions, framing Native Americans as sad, unresisting victims of an inevitable and indeed divinely ordained manifest destiny. Anthropologists such as Adolphe Bertillon and Arthur Cervin sought to objectify the images by specifying uniform focal lengths, poses, and backdrops to remove the distracting noise of context, culture, and faces. Some photos went so far as to isolate body parts from the individual (like tattoos). Others such as Thomas Huxley planned to produce an orthographic inventory of the races in the British Empire, and that, coupled with a corresponding urgency to collect the last vestiges of disappearing cultures drove much of the 19th and early 20th century efforts. Ethical Considerations All of this came crashing to the forefront in the 1960s and 1970s when the clash between ethical requirements of anthropology and the technical aspects of using photography became untenable. In particular, the use of imagery in academic publication has impacts on the ethical requirements of anonymity, informed consent, and telling the visual truth. Privacy: Ethical anthropology requires that scholar protect the privacy of the subjects that are interviewed: taking their picture makes that nearly impossibleInformed consent: Anthropologists need to explain to their informants that their images may appear in the research and what the implications of those images might mean- and get that consent in writing- before the research beginsTelling the truth: Visual scholars must understand that it is unethical to alter images to change their meaning or present an image that connotes a reality not consistent with the understood reality. University Programs and Job Outlook Visual anthropology is a subset of the larger field of anthropology. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the numbers of jobs projected to grow between 2014 and 2024 is about 4 percent, slower than the average, and competition for those jobs is likely to be fierce given the small number of positions relative to applicants. A handful of university programs specializing in the use of visual and sensory media in anthropology, including: The University of Southern California MA at the Center for Visual AnthropologyHarvard Universitys Ph.D. program at Sensory Ethnography LabThe University of Londons MA and Ph.D. in Visual AnthropologyThe University of Manchesters MA at the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology Finally, the Society for Visual Anthropology, part of the American Anthropological Association, has a research conference and film and media festival and publishes the journal Visual Anthropology Review. A second academic journal, titled Visual Anthropology, is published by Taylor Francis. Sources: Cant A. 2015. One Image, Two Stories: Ethnographic and Touristic Photography and the Practice of Craft in Mexico. Visual Anthropology 28(4):277-285.Harper D. 2001. Visual Methods in the Social Sciences. In: Baltes PB, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon. p 16266-16269.Loizos P. 2001. Visual Anthropology. In: Baltes PB, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon. p 16246-16250.Ortega-Alczar I. 2012. Visual Research Methods, International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home. San Diego: Elsevier. p 249-254.Pink S. 2014. Digital–visual–sensory-design anthropology: Ethnography, imagination Arts and Humanities in Higher Education 13(4):412-427.and intervention.Poole D. 2005. An excess of description: Ethnography, race, and visual technologies. Annual Review of Anthropology 34(1):159-179.

An Introduction to Visual Anthropology

An Introduction to Visual Anthropology Visual anthropology is an academic subfield of anthropology that has two distinct but intersecting aims. The first involves the addition of images including video and film to ethnographic studies, to enhance the communication of anthropological observations and insights through the use of photography, film, and video. The second one is more or less the anthropology of art,  understanding visual images, including: How far do humans as a species rely on what is seen, and how do they integrate that into their lives?How significant is the visual aspect of life in any particular society or civilization? andHow does a visual image represent (bring into existence, make visible, exhibit or reproduce an action or person, and/or stand as an example for) something Visual anthropology methods include photo elicitation, the use of images to stimulate culturally relevant reflections from informants. The end results are narratives (film, video, photo essays) which communicate typical events of a cultural scene. History Visual Anthropology only became possible with the availability of cameras in the 1860s- arguably the first visual anthropologists were not anthropologists at all but rather photojournalists like the Civil War photographer Matthew Brady;  Jacob Riis, who photographed 19th-century slums of New York;  and  Dorthea Lange, who documented the Great Depression in stunning photographs. In the mid-nineteenth century, academic anthropologists began collecting and making photographs of the people they studied. So-called collecting clubs included the British anthropologists Edward Burnett Tylor, Alfred Cort Haddon, and Henry Balfour, who exchanged and shared photographs as part of an attempt to document and classify ethnographic races. The Victorians concentrated on British colonies such as India, the French focused on Algeria, and the U.S. anthropologists concentrated on Native American communities. Modern scholars now recognize that imperialist scholars classifying the people of subject colonies as others is an important and downright ugly aspect of this early anthropological history. Some scholars have commented that visual representation of cultural activity is, of course, very ancient indeed, including cave art representations of hunting rituals beginning 30,000 years ago or more. Photography and Innovation The development of photography as a part of the scientific ethnographic analysis is usually attributed to Gregory Bateson and Margaret Meads 1942 examination of Balinese culture called Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis. Bateson and Mead took more than 25,000 photos while conducting research in Bali, and published 759 photographs to support and develop their ethnographic observations. In particular, the photos- arranged in a sequential pattern like stop-motion movie clips- illustrated how the Balinese research subjects performed social rituals or engaged in routine behavior. Film as ethnography is an innovation generally attributed to Robert Flaherty, whose 1922 film Nanook of the North is a silent recording of activities of an Inuit band in the Canadian Arctic. Purpose In the beginning, scholars felt that using imagery was a way to make an objective, accurate, and complete study of social science that had been typically fueled by an extensively detailed description. But there is no doubt about it,  the photo collections were directed and often served a purpose. For example, the photos used by anti-slavery and aborigine protection societies were selected or made to make the natives more human and needier, through poses, framings, and settings. American photographer Edward Curtis made skillful use of aesthetic conventions, framing Native Americans as sad, unresisting victims of an inevitable and indeed divinely ordained manifest destiny. Anthropologists such as Adolphe Bertillon and Arthur Cervin sought to objectify the images by specifying uniform focal lengths, poses, and backdrops to remove the distracting noise of context, culture, and faces. Some photos went so far as to isolate body parts from the individual (like tattoos). Others such as Thomas Huxley planned to produce an orthographic inventory of the races in the British Empire, and that, coupled with a corresponding urgency to collect the last vestiges of disappearing cultures drove much of the 19th and early 20th century efforts. Ethical Considerations All of this came crashing to the forefront in the 1960s and 1970s when the clash between ethical requirements of anthropology and the technical aspects of using photography became untenable. In particular, the use of imagery in academic publication has impacts on the ethical requirements of anonymity, informed consent, and telling the visual truth. Privacy: Ethical anthropology requires that scholar protect the privacy of the subjects that are interviewed: taking their picture makes that nearly impossibleInformed consent: Anthropologists need to explain to their informants that their images may appear in the research and what the implications of those images might mean- and get that consent in writing- before the research beginsTelling the truth: Visual scholars must understand that it is unethical to alter images to change their meaning or present an image that connotes a reality not consistent with the understood reality. University Programs and Job Outlook Visual anthropology is a subset of the larger field of anthropology. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the numbers of jobs projected to grow between 2014 and 2024 is about 4 percent, slower than the average, and competition for those jobs is likely to be fierce given the small number of positions relative to applicants. A handful of university programs specializing in the use of visual and sensory media in anthropology, including: The University of Southern California MA at the Center for Visual AnthropologyHarvard Universitys Ph.D. program at Sensory Ethnography LabThe University of Londons MA and Ph.D. in Visual AnthropologyThe University of Manchesters MA at the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology Finally, the Society for Visual Anthropology, part of the American Anthropological Association, has a research conference and film and media festival and publishes the journal Visual Anthropology Review. A second academic journal, titled Visual Anthropology, is published by Taylor Francis. Sources: Cant A. 2015. One Image, Two Stories: Ethnographic and Touristic Photography and the Practice of Craft in Mexico. Visual Anthropology 28(4):277-285.Harper D. 2001. Visual Methods in the Social Sciences. In: Baltes PB, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon. p 16266-16269.Loizos P. 2001. Visual Anthropology. In: Baltes PB, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon. p 16246-16250.Ortega-Alczar I. 2012. Visual Research Methods, International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home. San Diego: Elsevier. p 249-254.Pink S. 2014. Digital–visual–sensory-design anthropology: Ethnography, imagination Arts and Humanities in Higher Education 13(4):412-427.and intervention.Poole D. 2005. An excess of description: Ethnography, race, and visual technologies. Annual Review of Anthropology 34(1):159-179.

How to Write a Speech

How to Write a Speech How to Write a Speech When it comes to public speaking – in the student’s case, giving a speech to a classroom of their peers and their instructor – one’s success lies in preparation. Which means that delivering a good speech ultimately depends on the writing a  speech. After all, a speech is like a spoken essay. Some people are natural-born public speakers who can entertain an entire room without a second of planning; however, the student in higher education who is to give a speech (who is also most likely a novice public speaker) should follow these 10 speech writing steps. 10 Speech Writing Steps 1. Plan the speech according to the occasion. The student required to give a speech will probably be speaking in an academic setting, where a serious, informative or persuasive tone will serve them best. Most times, the student will be given a time limit, which should be strictly followed. 2. Recognize the theme/message or purpose of the speech. This will help the student identify which direction they are going to take in the writing/planning/researching of the speech, helping them develop a sort of formula to achieve that purpose. 3. Be creative with the speech’s introduction. Once the student knows what they are going to say, they should consider a brief, interesting way to get their audience’s attention – whether with a joke, an interesting anecdote, famous quote, even a thought-provoking question. 4. Learn how to write a speech outline. This helps the student visualize all the points they need to cover in their speech. 5. Expand on the points in the speech outline. If they’re given a speech in a persuasive manner, they will need a solid thesis statement defended by strong evidence to support their argument. If giving an informative speech for an assignment, the student should incorporate solid, research-based information. In either case, the student must center their speech on the theme, issue, or subject they are discussing, arguing, or analyzing. 6. Incorporate transitional phrases to cover various points. Words like â€Å"First of all,† â€Å"Secondly,† â€Å"Next,† and â€Å"Lastly† help the speaker better transition from point to point, for their own sake and the audience. 7. Don’t forget about the conclusion. Just like with an essay or written assignment, a proper conclusion allows the speaker to tie in all the points of their speech, leaving the audience with a comprehensive understanding of what they just discussed. 8. Write the speech out in full, in essay form. Include the introduction, the points to be covered, as well as transitional phrases, and a conclusion – and then evaluate its effectiveness. Edit if needed. Writing more than one draft helps the student add or remove pertinent information. 9. Ask a friend to revise the written speech; revise the draft based on their feedback. Once the student feels their written speech is nearly completed, seeking the help of another person is beneficial. They will see things the writer may not notice, which will ultimately improve the speech. 10. Read the speech aloud. Before the student rehearses their speech first for familiarization, then memorization, they should read the speech aloud to compare how it sounds with how it reads; this could be the difference in an awkward, boring speech or one that is interesting and gets a higher grade. Read also: How to Write a Persuasive Essay | How to Write an Argumentative Essay In case you are working on a speech, and are having difficulties with it, would be happy to assist. Feel free to contact our writers and they will help you to work through the assignment. Our staff will assign writers with suitable backgrounds and adequate experience. This will result in a paper that is properly written and formatted, with thorough background research and a solid literature base.  Feel free to contact us anytime. Place an order to get your individual discount now.

Digital Marketing and Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Digital Marketing and Communications - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that today, the World Wide Web has thrived and expanded during the last few decades. Subsequently, the Social Media environment has grown and is gaining a rising amount of users. Hence, it becomes even more essential for a business to adopt and use Social Media to be tied closer to their customers. They require changing their thoughts from traditional working methods to the adoption and use of Social Media with the maxim â€Å"Be located where the customers are†. In the ever dynamic business world, Social media provide marketers with a voice and a way to communicate with customers and potential consumer. This can be attributed to the increasing knowledge and use of various social media. The social media are becoming one of the main sources of information for customers around the globe. Users are preferred conducting a quick online search for most the things they want, as opposed to turning the pages of newspapers and directories. Soc ial media personalize the "brand" and help marketers to spread their message in a more relaxed and conversational way. Social media are an experience that has become an essential aspect of the marketing mix and revolutionizing the way marketing companies interact with customers. The information has impacted on the business and improved their performance and the ability to achieve the objective through competitive advantage.

Feminism in American Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Feminism in American Cinema - Essay Example One meaning is "films made by women" and the other meaning is "films made for women" (p. 27). The first pat of her article attempts to explain how each field within these traditional definitions was transformed by feminism over time, using the "woman at the keyhole metaphor" to show how women gained status from being objects of voyeuristic curiosity and into the curious voyeurs themselves. As Mayne argues (p. 28), there is a need to consider "what relationships women have had traditionally and historically, as filmmakers and as film consumers, to the medium" in order to "understand how women make movies". Nothing could be farther from the truth, but this one-sided argument founded on masculine logic hides a basic natural fact: that men and women are different, and thank heavens that they are, and that women and their feminist representation in cinema would be a constantly evolving and a permanently complex and elusive goal. Mayne explains (p. 33-34) that while it is true that having women at the other end of the keyhole is a typical sign of masculine voyeuristic tendencies, it is also true that women love being seen, watched, and admired. They want to feel and look beautiful, not for any reason or motive that is a sign of inferiority, but because that is how they are wired, and nothing is bad about that. It is only "not good" if such a natural human tendency is associated with a (blonde-haired or beautiful-faced) lack of intellectual capacity. This knee-jerk subjective reaction, no matter how one looks at it, and whether it is applied to women or men, is more a reflection of the one who makes rash judgments based on looks and appearances and not based on interior substance. Women are the ultimate dialecticians, Mayne declares, recalling Ruby Rich (p. 40), who declared that "for a woman today, film is a dialectical experience in a way that it never was and never will be for a man under patriarchy". Like Brecht's ultimate dialectician who lives the tension of two different cultures, "women bring into the movie theater a context and a certain coding from life outside the theater". This is perhaps the reason why women love different films in different ways, and why some films made by and for women reach their audiences in unique ways. Feminism in cinema has certainly shaped the way actors act and filmmakers - both men and women - do films, making the human experience richer and more sophisticated. This is good for all, not only for men and the patriarchy to understand women a bit better, but also for women to better understand themselves and how they look at the world. Making, watching and critiquing movies are, indeed, different and complex (p. 41-42), and reflect the innate and natural differences between men and women that provide the artistic cinematic world a dialectic tension that contributes to its magic. Mayne's ambivalent view of women's cinema is carried over to the definition of the feminine aesthetic by de

The Role of lawyers in indias freedom struggle

The Role of lawyers in indias freedom struggle THE ROLE OF LAWYERS IN INDIAS FREEDOM STRUGGLE 1885 was a remarkable year in the history of India, a year which would determine the future of India, a new chapter in the freedom struggle started as a mass movement in 1857 by the ‘sepoy mutiny. With the joint efforts of A.O. Hume and W.C. Bonnerjee, the Indian National Congress was established. This brought the Indian intelligentsia into the main stream of the movement for freedom. This gave people a platform to discuss and share their grievances and in turn device a plan of action. This was the first time that Indians realized that violence was not the only means of fighting a battle and in the years to come ahimsa and satyagraha would become the two pillars on which the freedom struggle rests. How different would the history of India be, had the intelligentsia not taken over the freedom struggle. It was a war of independence from the shackles of enslavement of two centuries. It was a war of rights and liberties. It was a war for establishing ones independent identity. It was a war against injustice and inequality; against racialism and cruelty. The war against the British was not a war of arms but a war or strategy and mental strength. Most of all it was a war of ‘words. Who better to fight such a war but the magicians of words, those who have words for tool, just words to earn their livelihood lawyers. The Indian freedom struggle was won by the army of lawyers who used words for ammunition. Mahatma Gandhi was a lawyer so was Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Pt. Nehru was a lawyer and so were Sardar Wallab Bhai Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad. The list is never ending. So what was it that drew all these lawyers into the freedom struggle leaving behind a life of comforts and riches? The British valor could not have been matched by the Indians if they were to rebel and violently agitate. For every British man killed 10 Indians had to lay down their lives. India even in another century could not have gathered enough to make an army stronger than the British. The rich were too busy match fixing the future of India with the British and the poor were too poor to put together two square meals forget about a rebellion against the mighty British Empire. This was the time when the educated middle class came to the fore. It was these, educated men and women who decided to fight the empire for they needed to get jobs, they worried for the future of their children and the future of India, they needed to be independent, they were in contact with the west and they were the so called â€Å"enlightened† ones. These constituted lawyers, teachers, doctors, civil servants etc. Their only strength was their education and they decided to play a game of wits and not of weaponry to get Indians their long due freedom. They realized that what India needed was direction, an understanding of rights, unity, a new form of warfare, which was non violent, leaders and focus. Of this intelligentsia lawyers were the ones who led the struggle from the front, the reasons for this were many. First of all they were not government employees unlike the teachers, doctors and civil servants, so there was no obligation to follow directions from the government. Secondly, if lawyers could boycott courts, it would be a directly defying the British government and law and in turn it would directly imply that the rest of the population were not obliged to follow these laws. Thirdly, most of the lawyers had studied in England and they were aware of the English legal system and of the position people had in an independent nation. Also, they knew how to talk their way through to the English. They knew their weaknesses and strengths, and could successfully device a way to play the weaknesses of the British to their advantage. They were aware of the common law system keeping rights and duties on a pedestal and thus they used the cruelty and in humanity of the British in India to gain sympathy and in turn get the British in England to detest their own people and their conduct in India. Besides fighting cases in the law courts for the extremists who would regularly invite prosecution against themselves, most lawyers formed a group of moderate freedom fighters. They knew that India was not ready for immediate freedom and if India was to attain independence instantaneously, if would crumble without a strong center and there was no system and definitely no individual who could hold the country together. Since the lawyers had supreme understanding of the complicated and intricate laws that were being sent to India for the formation of government and for the administration of justice, they were best suited to discuss their implication and to repeal them as well as draw the English lawmakers to a point of making the law as pro Indians as possible. All these lawyers were of the view that an unjust law must be defied and repealed. Most of all, they advocated for social justice, equality and human rights. Soon, law courts became the preferred battlefield for Indians. Even an extremist revolutionary like Bhagat Singh took the help of a trial to send his message across. Infact, he deliberately invited a trial against him by throwing smoke bombs in the legislative assembly and surrendering himself to the police. The purpose that such court trials served was that they gave the freedom fighters an opportunity to come in contact with the media. The media would report the pleadings and comments in the local as well as the newspapers in England, this served a dual purpose the Indians got their leaders messages and the masses got provoked also, a sense of shame, regret and disapproval was spread amongst the British nationals in England. Though it is not preferred to earmark a single leader of the independence struggle but, if this was to be done, the name of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would top the list. A lawyer by profession studied in England and worked in South Africa. He was the first leader to fight the inhuman practice of apartheid in South Africa. On his return to India, he devised a practical approach. He first decided to tour through India and then come into the movement. This shows the typical trait of a lawyer, first put together the facts and investigation and then take up the case. Or differently put, when I dont know the laws of the land how do I fight a case? Then he took the movement head on. He advocated the disobedience of unjust laws, peaceful demonstrations, boycott of foreign goods and the peaceful picketing of shops selling foreign goods. His ideas eventually found shape in a non-cooperation launched later. His aim was to make the British administration come to a standstill, a point from which they would have to negotiate. He believed that a peaceful struggle was far more productive then a violent one. A peaceful struggle cannot be suppressed easily and is always sustainable in the long run. Mahatma Gandhi was able to take the freedom struggle to the masses and was a major advocate of social justice and unity amongst all sections of the Indian people. Finally talking of the biggest contribution of the British to India we cannot ignore the role played by the lawyer turned freedom fighters. Besides winning independence, these men extracted a lot from the British. Most important being: their administrative policy, their form of governance and their laws. Most of the English laws have formed the basis of our statute books and the parliamentary form of government was also due to the British influence. The Indian Penal Code, one of the most intricate and elaborate penal law books in the world can be considered a gift from the British. Talking of the form of government, the efforts of Nehru committee and Sapru committee on how to accommodate both the Hindu and Muslim representatives in the government posts was an effort worth applauding. Finally, on 15th August 1947, India won independence and at the same time India was divided and Pakistan was born. But, it was not over for the lawyers yet, on either sides. They still had to carry the two divided nations through the poisoning after effects of the partition. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India and across the border M.A Jinnah held the reins of Pakistan in his hands. Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the President of India and Dr. B. R Ambedkar headed the team of constitution makers. The most remarkable contribution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel at this time in history was undoubtedly his efforts of unifying India as India was divided amongst provinces and princely states. Also, he tried to break the communal barriers that the Indians had created amongst themselves. Besides the political responsibilities carried out by the lawyers, they had to carry out certain legal responsibilities as well. The first and foremost being, framing the constitution of India, followed by ascertaining the structure of the future legal system of the country. Also, partition brought with it many disputes over land, industry and property. These men were to take responsibility and carry out the necessary actions to make it peaceful. To conclude I would like to say that lawyers held an incomparable position in the freedom struggle and they were indispensable. They made a remarkable contribution to the pre independence Indian society the effects of which carried on even after independence. But, it seems to me that the new age lawyers are not as aware or socially responsible as those sixty years ago. We hardly see lawyers now a days who stand up for social causes, who are ready to dedicate their lives to the cause of social justice. The new age lawyers should take a leaf out of the history books and take inspiration from their predecessors and not restrict their ability to contribute. India needs leaders and men with foresight, lawyers who have in the past contributed so richly should continue with the same. As Jawaharlal Nehru said on 15th August, 1947 â€Å"Long years ago, we made a tryst with destiny and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom.† It is the responsibility of the people of India today to keep the dream of Nehru from fading out.