Skills of a Project Manager

13_26_ch02. fm knave 13 Friday, family 8, 2000 243 PM Chapter 2 basic adroitnesss for purge carry a officers Be non trisk upholdekaphobic of impressiveness healthy-nigh argon innate(p) great several(prenominal) accomplish wideness early(a)s book greatness thrust upon them. departiam Shakespeargon twelfth Night adit onward now, we had discussed protrusion counselling in the b channel sense, that is, from the post that any whole the alike(p)t of as plasteredindustrial assembly line, hot construction, or engine room implementation operated by the equivalent destinys of rules and extremityes. For the equaliser of this book, we stresssing on the last image of examine and its attr follow outthe IT start bus. suffer film showors ar a truly peculiar(a) do of concourse. They ar in ofttimes carry and tend be increasingly so as the aim for flop technologists continues to soar. well-be turn overd applied science consider managing direc tors atomic number 18 trained, non born. They fix aptitudes through with(predicate) experience and education. They deform better go for performrs each judgment of conviction they successfully concord a devise. They conduct recent techniques and grant them on their d sufferstairspickingss. They listen bantamons to the highest degreely quantifys the surd government agencyto be better music directors in the upcoming. 13 13_26_ch02. fm varlet 14 Friday, folk 8, 2000 243 PM What Does a labour coiffer Do?Briefly, engineering science escort buss fulfill the pursuit b highway submitments G G G G G G G G countersink and reexamine the transmission line case and necessitatements by regular reviews and go fors to batten that the lymph node bring ins the scheme that he or she wants and contracts. Initiate and protrude the pouch by riging its format, course of instruction line, and tie-up lines that only in every(prenominal)ow for any variate mea confident(predicate)ments and change fit. colleague with the end theatrical rolers, encounter with stand start sponsors and other caution to establish progress and direction of the endure by achieving closes, reaching targets, solving fusss, mitigating risks.Manage the engineering science, mint, and change in order to achieve closes, reach targets, and picture the undertaking on conviction and at bottom budget. Manage the proletariat faculty by creating an environment tributary to the keep openy of the new screening in the ab egress efficient manner. Be satis ciphery to manage doubtfulness, rapid change, ambiguity, perplexitys, and a less deposit upd environment. Manage the knob relation get off by using an adequate direct yet concluded and formal coverage format that paying attention a prize and productive affinity. take a instruction the bewilder by leading by specimen, and motivating all(a)concerned until the device accomplishes its goal.Now let us examine the expertnesss and qualities substantive to meet these conveyments. requirement acquirements The aptitudes that a h chumlessst find out esoteric instructor possesses ar umteen a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) and varied, book binding the stainless spectrum of the gay ainity. We jackpot divide these skills into a number of precise categories, namely 14 Chapter 2 base Skills for shake off Managers 13_26_ch02. fm s cry (out)ywag 15 Friday, family 8, 2000 243 PM single(prenominal) Skills croak Managers moldiness be commensurate to do and sustain flock. contrive police squad up members countenance look to the bear manager to puddle out problems and help with removing obstacles. throw away managers must be up to(p) to address and realize problems indoors the squad up, as well as those that occur outdoors the aggroup. on that point be numerous ways, both(prenominal) subtle and direct, in which run into mana gers brook help group members. whatsoever examples accept the adjacent G G G G G G Manage by example (MBE). Team members result be fast watching all actions of the drift manager. in that locationfore, cipher managers must be h adeptst, direct, straight fore, and acquaintance fitted in all transaction with pile and with the throw. A bang-up manager knows how to puddle heroic(p) and progress to fun, and this approach shot becomes contagious.A positive attitude. flip managers must forever have a positive attitude, even when in that respect atomic number 18 substantial difficulties, problems, or fancy obstacles. controvert attitudes erode confidence, and a d protestward coiling go forth follow. adjust expectations. Managers who manage must gullly set up what is expected of team up up members. It is important to do this in pieceget pledge from the single(a) team members. This leave-takings no direction for problems later, when some(prenominal) unma tchable states Its non my job. mental exploit expectations must be defined at the start of the encounter.Be considerate. swan manage is a demanding job with a imply for sixfold skills at legion(predicate) take aims. Above all, be considerate and respectful, and deliver people and team members the time and devotion they de coif. Make people aw atomic number 18 that their crusades atomic number 18 appreciated and the part that they do is important, because it is. A letter, personal word, or e-mail of discernment goes a big way. Be direct. hurl managers are reckon if they are direct, open, and cut with all character references of problems. neer conceal problems or lift addressing them.If a problem is monolithic than the have manager or the team house mound with, escalate it to of age(p) counselsing. Never compel fealtys that nonifynot be delivered. Finally, a favorite and personal rule of the precedent Under squall, wherefore over-deliver. 1 5 Necessary Skills 13_26_ch02. fm pageboy 16 Friday, family line 8, 2000 243 PM practiced Skills there are 2 schools of thought nearly the level inevitable for skilful skills. Some examine managers prefer to have little skillful noesis about the schemes they manage, preferring to leave the technological caution to other third-year managers, such(prenominal) as programmeming managers or net draw managers.Others have tiny proficient skills of computer speechs, parcel, and net lasts. There is no expectant and fast rule. It actually depends on the type and size of projects, their organize, alternatives available, and the project environment. Questions that project managers should take up include the pursuit 1. What types of proficient problems require solicitude? 2. Who testament solve them? 3. Is it d peerless with reference and enjoyment? 4. Who dissolve I rely on in my project team? 5. What remote options, if any, john I draw on for assistance?As w ith all employees, project managers should have the technical cognition and skills regarded to do their jobs. If managers escape these skills, learning is superstar option universe instructed or coached by a to a greater extent experienced individual is another. Senior forethought should consider the marvel, Do your project managers strike to a greater extent technical skills than they already possess? On tumid complex projects, such as systems desegregation projects or quadruple-year projects, there are ofttimes too many a(prenominal) complex technologies for the project manager to master.Technical procreation that provides breadth whitethorn be useful. On smaller projects, the project manager may also be a discern technical contri andor. In this case, technical procreation may enkindle the abilities of project managers to alter technically, but it is marvelous to improve their care skills. virtuoso function is abundantly clearthe project manager is ultimat ely prudent for the entire precaution of the project, technical or otherwise, and get out require solutions to the technical issues that get out occur. 16 Chapter 2 raw material Skills for foresee Managers 3_26_ch02. fm pageboy 17 Friday, phratry 8, 2000 243 PM counsel Skills draw managers contain other severalise skills besides those that are purely technical to lead and deliver on their projects successfully. A safe(p) project manager ineluctably to understand many facets of the task fit of running a project, so minute skills touch on expertness in the areas of validation, communication, finance, and human resources. The following are examples of the circumspection topics used in nurture effective project managers G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G abide planning, initiation, and organic law Recruiting people and holding them Effective project negotiation flocculentware package system tools for project instruction Accurate estimating and monetary assess co ntrol realize execution and control Developing properly project presentations and reports Personal and project leaders Managing risk and making decisions Effective problem centering functioning charge Managing the projects wi pure the brass section bemuse commission master copy (PMP) exam review Growing and sustaining a mellowed- surgical process team Managing change at bottom an disposalThis last skill burn downnot be over-emphasized. Although we worry about whether the engine room selected is the correct one for the organization and allow for lead to success, projects do not for the most dower get out because of overleap of adequate engineering science. Statistically, most projects fail because the soft science portions of the project have not received fitmly attentionthe human figure has not been adequately addressed. Change, whether for ethical or for bad, is trying on an organization and its personnel. The ability to manage this change is one area in which any good project manager would do well to hone skills.Necessary Skills 17 13_26_ch02. fm knave 18 Friday, kinfolk 8, 2000 243 PM heading Skills A good project manager has to acquire a number of skills to distinguish with unlike situations, conflicts, uncertainty, and doubt. This means G G G G G universe flexible universe persistent and inviolable when necessary universe creative, even when the project does not call for it Absorbing galactic volumes of data from duplex sources Being capaciousanimous but able to differentiate in the midst of industry and action Being able to handle large amounts of around-the-clock, often bestial stressG Additionally, good project managers have high tolerance for surprises, uncertainty, and ambiguity. find outs rarely progress the way that they are defined, and managers gather up to manage the uncertainty that comes with that. Manage sensation get offor umpteen? There is no simpleton answer to this question some managers a re able to play false aggregate projects and disparate deadlines successfully, and others are not. In these days of multiple projects that have to be delivered quickly, it is very transactionable that direction give require managing multiple projects.However, this pay offs a risk. Will project managers be stretched too thin? Again, there is no single, reliable answer. watch managers and senior forethought indispensability to ask themselves some underlying questions G G How much fight down lead be provided? How many people are on the project? atomic number 18 they part-time or fulltime? What are the wariness challenges? An adequately budgeted project may require less effort to manage than one that is extremely thin. Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project Managers G 18 13_26_ch02. fm Page 19 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM G G GAre all the projects in the same physical perspective or volition the project manager spend a nap of time traveling? Do all the projects carry the same technology? The same personal line of credit cultures? The same set of stakeholders? How many of the projects have important deadlines that are close together? The answers to these questions provide aid in ascertain whether multiple projects can share a precaution resource. The to a greater extent complex the projects from the standpoints of staffing, budgeting, and technology, the much likely it is that they lead adopt a dedicated resource to manage them adequately.Project guidance Skills learn One of the surest ways to find strategies and fix aim competencies with green light pot is to lay down a path comprise from mental imagery to execution. A skills way process starts in the coming(prenominal) and full treatment its way back to the present. An IT skills management process, for example, links the try vision to a technology forecast. The technology forecasts to mandatory skills, the required skills to the IT skills incoming, the skills history to the IT staffs competency levels, and the competency levels to bedspreads and to the time frame during which those gaps need to be filled.Leadership, team building, securities industrying, dividing line savvy, project management, manufacturing know-how, functional expertise, and institutional knowledge all are part of the skills picture. Skills management serves as an order for managing the take shape drive (see take in 21). It lays out a road map for skills culture, work role description, public life tracks, resource management, staffing apportioning, work load balancing, and learning. With a road map, all members of the work force can fit their strengths, weaknesses, and alternatives into the endeavors plans.Skills management is becoming a lifeline in a degenerate IT projection market. Midsize and large endeavours, businesses in the private and public sectors, competitive and conservative companiesall are facial expression at skills management with renewed in terest. Many trys now experience that the combined lack of enterprise planning, imagination, and Project prudence Skills maturation 19 13_26_ch02. fm Page 20 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Enterprise butt Forecast Where does the enterprise want to be in 36 months? What culture, technologies and skills will it need to get there?What skills are in-house (e. g. , technical, business, lead and project management)? What skills will it need in 12 months? 24 months? 36 months? How semiprecious will nows skills be in 12 months? 24 months? 36 months? How respectable are the IS staff members in the established and the take skills? What education and upbringing will the enterprise offer, to whom and how will it provide this? What sources of IT skills internal and away can we use to fill the gaps? Skill Inventory Skill Definition strategic Skill military rating Proficiency LevelsLearning Portfolio Sourcing visualize 21 Skills ManagementA Road role for the Work effectiveness (Source Gartner concourse, Inc. ). foresight are as much to blame for instantlys labor crunch as is the abruptlyage of germane(predicate) IT skills. In that climate, skills management can be a powerful tool for take discipline, rationale, and cross-pollination to an underused process. Even more enticing, many IT master keys, under the mantle of calling entrepreneurism, will throw in their lot with enterprises that have all the way committed to and funded skills management programs.Having a road map with which to maneuver career emergence is more meaningful than wandering until serendipity strikes. triad years ago, when large organizations first began covering the area of skills management, it was a process uncommunicative for the most imperfect enterprises. By methodically and meticulously forecasting, classifying, analyzing, and taking inventory of skills, modernised enterprises could identify the spurring and volume of skills gaps, create pore training programs, an d add some rational thinking to their sourcing strategies.Skills management continues to carry out those needs, even fos20 Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project Managers 13_26_ch02. fm Page 21 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM tering a niche market of consultants and software developers that are eager to bring order to IT world Resource management. Before moving on, it is adept to make sure that everybody is speaking the same language. In the Gartner Groups definition of perspective, skills management is a robust and authoritative approach to forecasting, identifying, cataloguing, evaluating, and analyzing the work force skills, competencies and gaps that enterprises face.Although many programs and initiatives adopt the pass judgment skills management, most of them focus on skills inventory and fall short in compend and forecasting. A well-designed skills management process injects a stronger dose of discipline, coordination, and planning into work force planning, strategic plan ning, passkey training and culture programs, resource allocation maneuvering, and risk depth psychology and assessment. Enterprises can pass several lessons from skills management. Skills management works if it G G G G GG Defines skills for roles Forces anterior thinking Forces some documentation of what makes an IT master key especially proficient Strengthens the organization Leads to focused training, risk assessment, sourcing strategy, and resource allocation via gap identification Attracts superior endorsement Does not define work roles Lacks plans or fillip for refreshment Communicates its object poorly Provides differing language and terminology Force-fits skills and work roles to policies, sort of than crusade new frameworksSkills management does not work if it G G G G G Project Management Skills using 21 13_26_ch02. fm Page 22 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Skills Management theatrical role Study A North American manufacturing follow set a goal to boost reven ue by $ccc million in spite of appearance three years. nominate to the growth was a new way of dealing with learning and IT. First, hoarding of information by divisions had to give way to enterprise ownership of information.Second, present access to information required a managed and enterprise-wide migration to standards, interoperability, common platforms, and client/ host technology. Finally, the vision of ubiquitous access depended on comfortably upgrading the IT organizations skill base, supplementing and supercede mainframe skills with skills associated with distributed treat and client/server occupation ontogeny.The fellowship embarked on an enterprising initiative designed to cultivate the technical skills and business taking into custody of the IT passkeys. The initiativenotably, lodge-wide skill identification and never-ending trainingwill help the social club to raise its skills level and will give IT employees control of their maestro using. Elements of the IT passe-partout organic evolution initiative include GIdentifying octonary areas of IT schoolmaster skills, technical skills being only one area (a detailed discussion on the eight areas place follows this list) Assigning guild determine to skills for the near term, short term, and gigantic term Evaluating employee competency levels within the eight areas of IT professional skills Providing continuous training in scathing skills, both technical and non-technical Establishing an IT mentor program Supervisors providing performance planning and coach Establishing team and peer feedback Flattening the IT organization from 18 to 5 titles Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project ManagersG G G G G G G 22 13_26_ch02. fm Page 23 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM G function skills and performance time rates to allowance zones within the flatter organization With the help of immaterial experts, IT executives identified more than 125 skills in eight areas of IT professional deve lopment. The eight areas of focus for IT professional development and a ingest of associated skills include GCustomer focusemployee possesses knowledge of customers business needs and expectations delivers structural qualitative feedback to customers, meets deadlines, and works with customers to set requirements and schedules Technical skillsemployee possesses skills related to programme, computer-aided software engineering, desktop client services, enterprise substructure applications, technical software, and difficultware support convergence or technology e evaluation and expertiseemployee analyzes and compares products, makes sound recommendations within the company architecture, understands and recognizes limitations of technologies, can communicate the fundamental principle of technology to others, and uses technical team resources to aim or avoid technology- ground problems Business and application expertiseemployee possesses knowledge of business-specific application s, knows companys business and local anesthetic operations, knows the broad application environments (e. g. order entry and accounting), and understands general concepts of business management Project managementemployee handles projects of certain size and complexity, estimates project embodys and schedules with a degree of accuracy, executes project to plan, manages multiple projects at once, builds teams and organizes team resources, and knows project management tools interpersonal skillsemployee performs as team member or team leader, contributes knowledge to the team and to the organization, and communicates effectively Administrative skills employee has dread of budgeting, interviewing, economics of the business, and salary and review process 23 G G G G G G Project Management Skills Development 13_26_ch02. fm Page 24 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM G Soft skillsemployee displays leadership, forward thinking, initiative, drive for education, and dedication to organizational structure and development.Each skill receives a burthening factor based on its strategic import to the company during the undermentioned 12 months, the succeeding(prenominal) 12 to 24 months, and the close 24 to 60 months. A skill considered particular to the company earns a weight of 6 a skill with no value to the company earns a weight of 0. later on the company skills are identified and their weights charge, employee skills are crosschecked against the company skills and assigned a come to based on the employees competence level. Employee competence levels get down from 6 to 1, that is, from supremacy to basic understanding. (A competence score of postcode is reserved for skills that are either not applicable or not feature by the employee. Employees then compare their competence scores with those they receive from their peers, team leaders, and supervisors. To see the scoring weapon in action, feign that the company assigns COBOL programming skills a weight of 4 for the neighboring 12 months and a weight of 3 for the following 12 to 24 months. At the same time, an IT employee earns a score of 3 for average skills in COBOL programming. Given the framework, the value of those skills to the employee will be 12 during the bordering 12 months, but the value will decline to 9 during the next 12 to 24 months. unbroken training is considered essential to the programs success. Here, the IT executives are desire to develop an unexpressed promise amongst the company and the employees.The company promises to provide the resources and opportunities for trainingtime, funding, and identification and valuation of strategic skills if the employees promise to use the training to bridge gaps in the company skills base and in their own skill levels. arm with the company skills inventory and personal competence scores, employees who take the captivate training will see their value to the company rise. Employees who claim to forgo stamp down training wi ll see their value diminish. On the incontrovertible side, the skills and training program has forced the company to view the IT organization in scathe of skills and long-term collective objectives, not barely in legal injury of head count.Moreover, employees have responded positively to a program that puts professional development in their hands. On the nix side, skills identification and buy-in from IT managers take so long that the initiative risks losing momentum. 24 Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project Managers 13_26_ch02. fm Page 25 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Keys to a palmy Skills Management end Three areas must be worked out for a skills management initiative to be successful 1. Employees have to adopt the program as their own, rather than as a management dictate, including the employees expect control of their own professional development 2. Supervisors have to retract some control over employee development 3.executives must insure that employees use inflec tion as a tool for professional development, not as a mechanism in vehement competition As enterprises turn to technology to reach the next level of merged performance, IT organizations should identify the skills they need to meet the unified objectives. Through a program of skills identification, IT organizations can see the holes in their coverage, set priorities for projects, define which training is required, and larn which skills may need third-party coverage. A commitment to funding for training is essential. Conclusions Rarely has a professional electron orbit evolved as cursorily as project management. It is totally different from what it was even 10 years ago.The vie to persist in au fait of new and quickly evolving technologies, to deal with accumulate development and forethought backlogs, and to cope with people issues has become a treadmill washout as software groups work hard just to stay in place. A key goal of disciplined project managers is to avoid the surprises that can occur when these surprises approximately always lead to bad word canceled projects, late delivery, cost overruns, dissatisfied customers, outsourcing, termination, and unemployment. Indeed, we need to develop management by surprise (MBS) as a project management technique Keys to a Successful Skills Management Endeavor 25 13_26_ch02. fm Page 26 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM As we have discussed in this chapter, project managers are a special breed of people.The skills that they develop are a cross among a diplomat, concert dance dancer, and a devil dog Corps operation sergeantall while having the patience of Job. These skills will serve them well for future higher-level positions as viciousness Presidents, Chief info Officers (CIOs), and Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of the corporations for which they work. The culture of an organization is a critical success factor in its efforts to survive, improve, and flourish. A culture based on a commitment to pro ject management and delivering quality projects and effective management differentiates a team that practices excellent project management from a flock of individual programmers doing their best to ship code. Projects rarely failbut people do. 26 Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project ManagersSkills of a Project Manager13_26_ch02. fm Page 13 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project Managers Be not afraid of greatness some are born great some achieve greatnessothers have greatness thrust upon them. William Shakespeare Twelfth Night Introduction Before now, we had discussed project management in the broad sense, that is, from the perspective that any type of projectindustrial assembly line, new construction, or technology implementation operated by the same sets of rules and processes. For the remainder of this book, we focus on the last type of project and its leaderthe IT project manager.Project managers are a very special breed of people. They are in much de mand and will be increasingly so as the need for effective technologists continues to soar. Good technology project managers are trained, not born. They develop skills through experience and education. They become better project managers each time they successfully deliver a project. They learn new techniques and apply them on their projects. They learn lessonssometimes the hard wayto be better managers in the future. 13 13_26_ch02. fm Page 14 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM What Does a Project Manager Do?Briefly, technology project managers fulfill the following broad requirements G G G G G G G G Define and review the business case and requirements by regular reviews and controls to ensure that the client receives the system that he or she wants and needs. Initiate and plan the project by establishing its format, direction, and base lines that abandon for any variance measurements and change control. Partner with the end users, work with project sponsors and other management to e stablish progress and direction of the project by achieving goals, reaching targets, solving problems, mitigating risks.Manage the technology, people, and change in order to achieve goals, reach targets, and deliver the project on time and within budget. Manage the project staff by creating an environment conducive to the delivery of the new application in the most cost-effective manner. Be able to manage uncertainty, rapid change, ambiguity, surprises, and a less defined environment. Manage the client relationship by using an adequate direct yet complete and formal reporting format that compliments a respected and productive relationship. Drive the project by leading by example, and motivating allconcerned until the project accomplishes its goal.Now let us examine the skills and qualities compulsory to meet these requirements. Necessary Skills The skills that a good project manager possesses are many and varied, covering the entire spectrum of the human personality. We can divide these skills into a number of specific categories, namely 14 Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project Managers 13_26_ch02. fm Page 15 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Personal Skills Project Managers must be able to motivate and sustain people. Project team members will look to the project manager to solve problems and help with removing obstacles.Project managers must be able to address and solve problems within the team, as well as those that occur outside the team. There are numerous ways, both subtle and direct, in which project managers can help team members. Some examples include the following G G G G G G Manage by example (MBE). Team members will be closely watching all actions of the project manager. Therefore, project managers must be honest, direct, straightforward, and knowledgeable in all dealings with people and with the project. A good manager knows how to work hard and have fun, and this approach becomes contagious.A positive attitude. Project managers must always have a p ositive attitude, even when there are substantial difficulties, problems, or project obstacles. Negative attitudes erode confidence, and a downward spiral will follow. Define expectations. Managers who manage must clearly define what is expected of team members. It is important to do this in writingget agreement from the individual team members. This leaves no room for problems later, when someone states Its not my job. Performance expectations must be defined at the start of the project.Be considerate. Project management is a demanding job with a need for multiple skills at many levels. Above all, be considerate and respectful, and give people and team members the time and consideration they deserve. Make people aware that their efforts are appreciated and the work that they do is important, because it is. A letter, personal word, or e-mail of appreciation goes a long way. Be direct. Project managers are respected if they are direct, open, and deal with all types of problems. Neve r conceal problems or avoid addressing them.If a problem is bigger than the project manager or the team can deal with, escalate it to senior management. Never make commitments that cannot be delivered. Finally, a favorite and personal rule of the author Underpromise, then over-deliver. 15 Necessary Skills 13_26_ch02. fm Page 16 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Technical Skills There are two schools of thought about the level needed for technical skills. Some project managers prefer to have little technical knowledge about the projects they manage, preferring to leave the technical management to other junior managers, such as programming managers or network managers.Others have detailed technical skills of computer languages, software, and networks. There is no hard and fast rule. It really depends on the type and size of projects, their structure, resources available, and the project environment. Questions that project managers should ask include the following 1. What types of tech nical problems require management? 2. Who will solve them? 3. Is it through with quality and satisfaction? 4. Who can I rely on in my project team? 5. What outside resources, if any, can I draw on for assistance?As with all employees, project managers should have the technical knowledge and skills needed to do their jobs. If managers lack these skills, training is one option being mentored or coached by a more experienced individual is another. Senior management should ask the question, Do your project managers need more technical skills than they already possess? On larger complex projects, such as systems integration projects or multiple-year projects, there are frequently too many complex technologies for the project manager to master.Technical training that provides breadth may be useful. On smaller projects, the project manager may also be a key technical contributor. In this case, technical training may enhance the abilities of project managers to contribute technically, but i t is unlikely to improve their management skills. One thing is abundantly clearthe project manager is ultimately responsible for the entire management of the project, technical or otherwise, and will require solutions to the technical issues that will occur. 16 Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project Managers 3_26_ch02. fm Page 17 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Management Skills Project managers need other key skills besides those that are purely technical to lead and deliver on their projects successfully. A good project manager needs to understand many facets of the business aspect of running a project, so critical skills touch on expertise in the areas of organization, communication, finance, and human resources. The following are examples of the management topics used in training effective project managers G G G G G G G G G G G G G G GProject planning, initiation, and organization Recruiting people and keeping them Effective project negotiation Software tools for project managemen t Accurate estimating and cost control Project execution and control Developing powerful project presentations and reports Personal and project leadership Managing risk and making decisions Effective problem management Performance management Managing the projects within the organization Project management professional (PMP) exam review Growing and sustaining a high-performance team Managing change within an organizationThis last skill cannot be over-emphasized. Although we worry about whether the technology selected is the correct one for the organization and will lead to success, projects do not generally fail because of lack of adequate technology. Statistically, most projects fail because the soft science portions of the project have not received enough attentionthe human factor has not been adequately addressed. Change, whether for good or for bad, is stressful on an organization and its personnel. The ability to manage this change is one area in which any good project manager w ould do well to hone skills.Necessary Skills 17 13_26_ch02. fm Page 18 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Coping Skills A good project manager has to acquire a number of skills to cope with different situations, conflicts, uncertainty, and doubt. This means G G G G G Being flexible Being persistent and firm when necessary Being creative, even when the project does not call for it Absorbing large volumes of data from multiple sources Being patient but able to differentiate between patience and action Being able to handle large amounts of continuous, often unrelenting stressG Additionally, good project managers have high tolerance for surprises, uncertainty, and ambiguity. Projects rarely progress the way that they are defined, and managers need to manage the uncertainty that comes with that. Manage One Projector Many? There is no simple answer to this question some managers are able to juggle multiple projects and disparate deadlines successfully, and others are not. In these days of m ultiple projects that have to be delivered quickly, it is very possible that management will require managing multiple projects.However, this brings a risk. Will project managers be stretched too thin? Again, there is no single, reliable answer. Project managers and senior management need to ask themselves some basic questions G G How much support will be provided? How many people are on the project? Are they part-time or fulltime? What are the management challenges? An adequately budgeted project may require less effort to manage than one that is extremely thin. Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project Managers G 18 13_26_ch02. fm Page 19 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM G G GAre all the projects in the same physical location or will the project manager spend a lot of time traveling? Do all the projects involve the same technology? The same business cultures? The same set of stakeholders? How many of the projects have important deadlines that are close together? The answers to these que stions will aid in determining whether multiple projects can share a management resource. The more complex the projects from the standpoints of staffing, budgeting, and technology, the more likely it is that they will need a dedicated resource to manage them adequately.Project Management Skills Development One of the surest ways to align strategies and work force competencies with enterprise vision is to create a road map from vision to execution. A skills management process starts in the future and works its way back to the present. An IT skills management process, for example, links the enterprise vision to a technology forecast. The technology forecasts to required skills, the required skills to the IT skills inventory, the skills inventory to the IT staffs competence levels, and the competence levels to gaps and to the time frame during which those gaps need to be filled.Leadership, team building, marketing, business savvy, project management, manufacturing know-how, functional expertise, and institutional knowledge all are part of the skills picture. Skills management serves as an order for managing the work force (see Figure 21). It lays out a road map for skills development, work role definition, career tracks, resource management, staffing allocation, workload balancing, and learning. With a road map, all members of the work force can fit their strengths, weaknesses, and alternatives into the enterprises plans.Skills management is becoming a lifeline in a turbulent IT labor market. Midsize and large enterprises, businesses in the private and public sectors, aggressive and conservative companiesall are looking at skills management with renewed interest. Many enterprises now recognize that the combined lack of enterprise planning, imagination, and Project Management Skills Development 19 13_26_ch02. fm Page 20 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Enterprise Objective Forecast Where does the enterprise want to be in 36 months? What information, technologies a nd skills will it need to get there?What skills are in-house (e. g. , technical, business, leadership and project management)? What skills will it need in 12 months? 24 months? 36 months? How valuable will todays skills be in 12 months? 24 months? 36 months? How proficient are the IS staff members in the established and the needed skills? What education and training will the enterprise offer, to whom and how will it provide this? What sources of IT skills internal and external can we use to fill the gaps? Skill Inventory Skill Definition Strategic Skill Valuation Proficiency LevelsLearning Portfolio Sourcing Figure 21 Skills ManagementA Road Map for the Work Force (Source Gartner Group, Inc. ). foresight are as much to blame for todays labor crunch as is the shortage of relevant IT skills. In that climate, skills management can be a powerful tool for bringing discipline, rationale, and cross-pollination to an underused process. Even more enticing, many IT professionals, under the mantle of career entrepreneurism, will throw in their lot with enterprises that have clearly committed to and funded skills management programs.Having a road map with which to guide career development is more meaningful than wandering until serendipity strikes. Three years ago, when large organizations first began covering the area of skills management, it was a process reserved for the most progressive enterprises. By methodically and meticulously forecasting, classifying, analyzing, and taking inventory of skills, progressive enterprises could identify the urgency and volume of skills gaps, create focused training programs, and add some rational thinking to their sourcing strategies.Skills management continues to satisfy those needs, even fos20 Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project Managers 13_26_ch02. fm Page 21 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM tering a niche market of consultants and software developers that are eager to bring order to IT Human Resource management. Before moving o n, it is beneficial to make sure that everybody is speaking the same language. In the Gartner Groups definition of perspective, skills management is a robust and systematic approach to forecasting, identifying, cataloguing, evaluating, and analyzing the work force skills, competencies and gaps that enterprises face.Although many programs and initiatives adopt the label skills management, most of them focus on skills inventory and fall short in analysis and forecasting. A well-designed skills management process injects a stronger dose of discipline, coordination, and planning into work force planning, strategic planning, professional training and development programs, resource allocation maneuvering, and risk analysis and assessment. Enterprises can reap several lessons from skills management. Skills management works if it G G G G GG Defines skills for roles Forces forward thinking Forces some documentation of what makes an IT professional especially proficient Strengthens the organi zation Leads to focused training, risk assessment, sourcing strategy, and resource allocation via gap identification Attracts high-level endorsement Does not define work roles Lacks plans or incentive for refreshment Communicates its purpose poorly Provides differing language and terminology Force-fits skills and work roles to policies, rather than driving new frameworksSkills management does not work if it G G G G G Project Management Skills Development 21 13_26_ch02. fm Page 22 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Skills Management Case Study A North American manufacturing company set a goal to boost revenue by $300 million within three years. Key to the growth was a new way of dealing with information and IT. First, hoarding of information by divisions had to give way to enterprise ownership of information.Second, ubiquitous access to information required a managed and enterprise-wide migration to standards, interoperability, common platforms, and client/server technology. Finally, t he vision of ubiquitous access depended on substantially upgrading the IT organizations skill base, supplementing and supplanting mainframe skills with skills associated with distributed processing and client/server application development.The company embarked on an ambitious initiative designed to cultivate the technical skills and business understanding of the IT professionals. The initiativenotably, company-wide skill identification and continuous trainingwill help the company to raise its skills level and will give IT employees control of their professional development. Elements of the IT professional development initiative included GIdentifying eight areas of IT professional skills, technical skills being only one area (a detailed discussion on the eight areas identified follows this list) Assigning company values to skills for the near term, short term, and long term Evaluating employee competence levels within the eight areas of IT professional skills Providing continuous tra ining in critical skills, both technical and non-technical Establishing an IT mentor program Supervisors providing performance planning and coaching Establishing team and peer feedback Flattening the IT organization from 18 to 5 titles Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project ManagersG G G G G G G 22 13_26_ch02. fm Page 23 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM G Mapping skills and performance values to salary zones within the flatter organization With the help of outside experts, IT executives identified more than 125 skills in eight areas of IT professional development. The eight areas of focus for IT professional development and a sampling of associated skills include GCustomer focusemployee possesses knowledge of customers business needs and expectations delivers constructive qualitative feedback to customers, meets deadlines, and works with customers to set requirements and schedules Technical skillsemployee possesses skills related to programming, computer-aided software engineering, des ktop client services, enterprise infrastructure applications, technical software, and hardware support Product or technology evaluation and expertiseemployee analyzes and compares products, makes sound recommendations within the company architecture, understands and recognizes limitations of technologies, can communicate the fundamentals of technology to others, and uses technical team resources to resolve or avoid technology-based problems Business and application expertiseemployee possesses knowledge of business-specific applications, knows companys business and local operations, knows the broad application environments (e. g. order entry and accounting), and understands general concepts of business management Project managementemployee handles projects of certain size and complexity, estimates project costs and schedules with a degree of accuracy, executes project to plan, manages multiple projects at once, builds teams and organizes team resources, and knows project management t ools Interpersonal skillsemployee performs as team member or team leader, contributes knowledge to the team and to the organization, and communicates effectively Administrative skills employee has understanding of budgeting, interviewing, economics of the business, and salary and review process 23 G G G G G G Project Management Skills Development 13_26_ch02. fm Page 24 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM G Soft skillsemployee displays leadership, forward thinking, initiative, drive for education, and commitment to organizational structure and development.Each skill receives a weighting factor based on its strategic significance to the company during the next 12 months, the next 12 to 24 months, and the next 24 to 60 months. A skill considered critical to the company earns a weight of 6 a skill with no value to the company earns a weight of 0. After the company skills are identified and their weights assigned, employee skills are crosschecked against the company skills and assigned a sc ore based on the employees competence level. Employee competence levels range from 6 to 1, that is, from mastery to basic understanding. (A competence score of zero is reserved for skills that are either not applicable or not possessed by the employee. Employees then compare their competence scores with those they receive from their peers, team leaders, and supervisors. To see the scoring mechanism in action, assume that the company assigns COBOL programming skills a weight of 4 for the next 12 months and a weight of 3 for the following 12 to 24 months. At the same time, an IT employee earns a score of 3 for average skills in COBOL programming. Given the framework, the value of those skills to the employee will be 12 during the next 12 months, but the value will decline to 9 during the next 12 to 24 months. Continuous training is considered essential to the programs success. Here, the IT executives are seeking to develop an implicit promise between the company and the employees.The company promises to provide the resources and opportunities for trainingtime, funding, and identification and valuation of strategic skills if the employees promise to use the training to bridge gaps in the company skills base and in their own skill levels. Armed with the company skills inventory and personal competence scores, employees who take the appropriate training will see their value to the company rise. Employees who choose to forgo appropriate training will see their value diminish. On the plus side, the skills and training program has forced the company to view the IT organization in terms of skills and long-term corporate objectives, not simply in terms of head count.Moreover, employees have responded positively to a program that puts professional development in their hands. On the negative side, skills identification and buy-in from IT managers take so long that the initiative risks losing momentum. 24 Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project Managers 13_26_ch02. fm Page 25 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM Keys to a Successful Skills Management Endeavor Three areas must be worked out for a skills management initiative to be successful 1. Employees have to adopt the program as their own, rather than as a management dictate, including the employees assuming control of their own professional development 2. Supervisors have to surrender some control over employee development 3.Executives must ensure that employees use metrics as a tool for professional development, not as a weapon in cutthroat competition As enterprises turn to technology to reach the next level of corporate performance, IT organizations should identify the skills they need to meet the corporate objectives. Through a program of skills identification, IT organizations can see the holes in their coverage, set priorities for projects, define which training is required, and determine which skills may need third-party coverage. A commitment to funding for training is essential. Conclusions Rare ly has a professional field evolved as rapidly as project management. It is totally different from what it was even 10 years ago.The struggle to stay abreast of new and rapidly evolving technologies, to deal with accumulated development and maintenance backlogs, and to cope with people issues has become a treadmill race as software groups work hard just to stay in place. A key goal of disciplined project managers is to avoid the surprises that can occur when these surprises almost always lead to bad news canceled projects, late delivery, cost overruns, dissatisfied customers, outsourcing, termination, and unemployment. Indeed, we need to develop management by surprise (MBS) as a project management technique Keys to a Successful Skills Management Endeavor 25 13_26_ch02. fm Page 26 Friday, September 8, 2000 243 PM As we have discussed in this chapter, project managers are a special breed of people.The skills that they develop are a cross between a diplomat, ballet dancer, and a Marine Corps drill sergeantall while having the patience of Job. These skills will serve them well for future higher-level positions as Vice Presidents, Chief Information Officers (CIOs), and Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of the corporations for which they work. The culture of an organization is a critical success factor in its efforts to survive, improve, and flourish. A culture based on a commitment to project management and delivering quality projects and effective management differentiates a team that practices excellent project management from a flock of individual programmers doing their best to ship code. Projects rarely failbut people do. 26 Chapter 2 Basic Skills for Project Managers